| ²é¿´: 681 | »Ø¸´: 7 | |||
| µ±Ç°Ö÷ÌâÒѾ´æµµ¡£ | |||
sunyichongľ³æ (ÖøÃûдÊÖ)
´¿´¿¼Ò×åÖ®¡°È붨¡±
|
[½»Á÷]
150BBÇóÖú·Ò루½ØÖÁµ½11ÔÂ14ÈÕ£©
|
||
|
·¢µÄƪ·ùµÄÈ·±È½Ï³¤£¬µ«Ï£Íû¸÷λ³æÓÑÄܹ»°ï°ïæ ÉùÃ÷ÇëÄú²»ÒªÄÃÁé¸ñ˹»ògoogle·ÒëµÄ¶«Î÷¸øÎÒ ÌáǰллºÃÐĵÄÈË Gunther Kress starts his discussion with the proposition that ¡®dealing with learning and assessment invokes theories of communication and meaning¡¯ (see page 19). He challenges readers to consider how to recognise learning and the data or evidence that would count, showing that learning has occurred. Through his probing of these two issues, Kress focuses on the notions of learning in specific contexts and how the making of meaning, sign and concept relate to context. Working from the perspective of a semiotic theory of learning, Kress presents the case for new principles of recognition of learning that challenge the traditional dominance of the linguistic modes of speech and writing. His chapter calls into question how these modes have been given pre-eminence and provokes a conscious attempt at recognising meaning-making and learning in all modes. The powerful message from Kress is that ¡®what is not recognised will not and cannot be assessed¡¯, leading to what he refers to as ¡®severe misrecognition of learners¡¯ capacities and actions¡¯ (see page 38). Any discussion of assessment for the future must necessarily encompass the issue of technology. The relationship between technology and assessment can have many forms: technology as a tool to undertake traditional forms of assessment; the interplay of the impact of technology on assessment; assessment of technology in education; and new views as to how assessment is shaped when technology is assumed as a 21st-century focus. Randy Bennett and Drew Gitomer provide an exhilarating perspective of the way in which assessment should be construed in a technologically driven world¡ªthe world that is already around us in the 21st century. Bennett and Gitomer link technological advances to advances in understanding individuals and the nature of learning. They challenge current accountability agendas to be more informed and informing. Their challenge involves the incorporation of cognitive science developments, developments in psychometric measurement approaches and technological developments that allow presentation of ¡®richer assessment tasks¡¯ with some automation of ¡®scoring¡¯ (see page 43). Bennett and Gitomer commence by contextualising their thoughts in the United States¡¯ educational context, concerns about quality and equality of educational experiences for all students and the limited educational value of consequent accountability agendas for student improvement. However, as we note for other chapters, the United States¡¯ experiences and policy preoccupations, rightly or wrongly, are not theirs alone. Bennett and Gitomer challenge themselves to create a better accountability system that is modern, informed by good assessment practices and educationally of value, allowing monitoring of student progress to inform and enhance student learning. Their proposed solution encompasses the themes that emerged independently from so many of our authors¡ªconcerns that assessment should be able to identify individual strengths and weaknesses with customised reports for different audiences, should be based in some theory of learning and development, should provide authentic and meaningful engagement for students, should recognise the social and cultural nature of learning and knowledge and should be supported by professional development and assessment-cued teachers. It is in the final enactment of their solution that technology becomes a central support. Glenn Finger and Romina Jamieson-Proctor also examine assessment through the lens of technology¡ªnot just the application of technology as a form of assessment, but also the issues relating to assessment of learning in the area of information and communications technologies (ICTs), the interaction of assessment forms and the nature of ICT knowledge. Agreeing with Bennett and Gitomer, and Finger and Jamieson-Proctor, we take as given that technology and technological developments will be major influences on the directions that education and assessment will take in the 21st century. If they are not, then the outcome will be an education of students constructed by adults that is an anachronism in the modern world. The technological changes to come cannot be envisaged, just as the technological resources available to children at this time are beyond the dreams of the mid-20th century. However, understanding the nature of knowledge in ICT contexts and the import for teaching, learning and assessment are relatively new educational endeavours. Finger and Jamieson-Proctor explore this issue for teachers from the perspective of TPCK¡ªtechnological pedagogical content knowledge¡ªbuilding on the pedagogical theories of Shulman (1987). They provide examples of ICT use for assessment, such as development of ePortfolios for students. As this chapter demonstrates, the opportunities are limited only by our own capacity to engage with the technologies afforded. Finger and Jamieson-Proctor argue that it is important for assessment schema to go beyond a focus on the knowledge that students have of technologies to ¡®how students are able to use ICT for learning in a range of curriculum contexts¡¯ and how such use facilitates the ¡®development of creative, complex and critical thinking¡¯ (page 67). Finger and Jamieson-Proctor provide a comprehensive examination of the current state of the art in learning with, and assessment of, ICT and the many tools already available to teachers and emerging innovations. Most importantly, they identify that the challenge for the future will be teachers maintaining ICT proficiency at the same rate as students and the need for educators to have ¡®a strong understanding of how students are learning in the 21st century¡¯ (page 78). Claire Wyatt-Smith and Stephanie Gunn explore the need for theoretical underpinnings to assessment in the 21st century, given the range of purposes and activities being implemented. They argue that an approach to assessment as ¡®meaning-making¡¯ (Delandshere & Petrosky, 1998) provides a way to examine and shape assessment purposes and practices. Wyatt-Smith and Gunn support their theoretical propositions with empirical evidence collected during research conducted in Queensland, Australia. The assessment system of Queensland for accreditation in the senior years of schooling, using teacher judgment, has been internationally known for 30 years. Wyatt-Smith and Gunn explore enactments of such approaches in the earlier years of schooling and explore the ways in which such judgments are made: the dynamics between social contexts and teacher expectations in shaping judgments and the contexts of increasing external accountability demands and influence on classroom practices. While the discussion is set in Queensland and Australia, these contexts have clear international generalisability. Drawing on arguments about the import of these for issues of student equity and the need to address the diversity of students,Wyatt-Smith and Gunn emphasise the need for evidence as an underpinning essential element in assessment. However, such evidence itself is part of the sociocultural context of educational enactments. Wyatt-Smith and Gunn elaborate four ¡®lenses¡¯ to explore assessment as meaning-making, applying them as a framework to explore the empirical evidence from their research. As the exploration unfolds, implications not only for assessment theory and practice but also for teacher professionalism and assessment cultures emerge. This chapter shows that as we have moved into the 21st century with enhanced expectations of the role of assessment to improve learning, we need to move further with our expectations of our own understandings of the theory of assessment itself. Another broad theme identified by the authors in this book was the consideration of a range of assessment issues we characterise as ¡®Building social capital: Difference, diversity and social inclusion¡¯. An underlying theme in these chapters, by Caroline Gipps and Gordon Stobart, Susan Brookhart, Deb Keen and Michael Arthur-Kelly, and Joy Cumming, is the effect of assessment on students¡¯ demonstration of achievement and the interaction of assessment and student. Again, these concerns have been examined from a range of perspectives: equity issues for individual students in the pursuit of best educational opportunities for all; equity issues through the examination of available national and international standardised test data; equity issues and new ways of enhancing assessment practices with students with disabilities; and assessment and equity issues as they emerge from law. Caroline Gipps and Gordon Stobart address the issue of fairness in assessment, moving from technical definitions of ¡®fairness¡¯ to conceptions of fairness that consider the contexts of assessment and social and cultural issues¡ªassessment as a ¡®socially embedded activity¡¯. Most broadly, they argue that fairness needs to consider access and opportunity, not just equality of scores or achievement outcomes. Equal outcomes may be fair to one group of students but not to another, and unequal outcomes may be ¡®fair and just¡¯ for all (see page 106). Gipps and Stobart elaborate the theme of the origins of assessment discussed by Broadfoot in the ¡®Foreword¡¯, the emergence of assessment in society for selection purposes, within a framework at the time considered fair and promoting merit. The influence of these origins on assessment development and the emergence of the psychometric paradigm through the 20th century are considered in parallel with the social assumptions that underpin these developments and the social capital that enables performance. While the development of the ¡®assessment¡¯ paradigm was seen as an educational response to the measurement paradigm development of the 20th century, in itself this development is not socially or culturally neutral. Gipps and Stobart posit that fairness from a sociocultural perspective can only be achieved through new constructions of validity. Through three examples from different social, cultural and assessment contexts, the authors demonstrate that fairness and equity cannot be assumed, but must be carefully monitored in any assessment environment. Most importantly, they see the pursuit of fairness in assessment, and opportunity for the individual, as a major and ongoing challenge for educational assessment. We need to continue to make apparent biases and assumptions and to maintain vigilance and the ¡®political will¡¯ if we value a goal of fairness for all. Susan Brookhart provides a comprehensive analysis of international and national assessment data and research study outcomes across many dimensions to examine assessment equity and gender effects. Necessarily, her analyses are based on the standardised measures used in, and outcomes from, such studies, with the types of standardised assessments ranging from multiple-choice formats to extended performance assessments. She investigates findings for a range of curricula, including English, mathematics and science, and for different student age groups. However, Brookhart¡¯s discussion is not just to identify whether different achievement outcomes can be related to the gender of a student, but also to examine the nature of any differences, whether differences are due to an interaction between the gender of a student and an assessment process (the answer appears to be ¡®no¡¯) and how any such differences are interpreted by educators. Her concern is with what students can do and the pedagogical implications for differences demonstrated by achievement studies. Brookhart¡¯s initial analyses show that while consistent effects are found for reading, favouring girls over boys, the effects for mathematics are less clear and consistent and are likely to be curriculum and pedagogy related. Somewhat similar outcomes are found for other areas, particularly when results are analysed in conjunction with other demographic data. There appears to be a clear interaction between the construct being assessed, the groups of students and gender outcomes. Brookhart notes that where differences are found, individual variation can be more significant: ¡®individual boys and girls, and individual schools, may be very different from the average¡¯ (page 125). Her concluding discussion regarding future directions to ensure equity in assessment considers the importance of individual items. However, her final thoughts and recommendations offer a different challenge to assessment research, calling for more understanding of ¡®economic and cultural patterns in achievement, which may be more amenable to change¡¯ (page 133). Deborah Keen and Michael Arthur-Kelly consider the implications of assessment for students who have always had specific attention in education research: students with disability. However, their discussion shifts the discourse from a deficit model of limited expectations for these students to an empowering model in order to chart progress through acts of assessment tied closely and intrinsically to instruction and goal setting. Such assessment is occurring in a context in which change is ¡®incremental¡¯, but where identification of effective and ineffective instruction and the level of intensity of instruction needed for each individual student are critical. Keen and Arthur-Kelly continue the theme of our work that all individuals are able to learn and are entitled to learning opportunities. Their focus on student engagement with learning, and ways to assess such engagement, brings a new dimension to considerations of assessment theory from mainstream perspectives. Keen and Arthur-Kelly support their argument by drawing on empirical data from research with students with autistic spectrum disorder. They describe curriculum-based assessment for students with disability, drawing on research originating in the United States. They state that ¡®t is now generally agreed that assessment and intervention are best focused on maximising the individual learning outcomes achieved by the student, from a strengths perspective¡¯ (page 142). Keen and Arthur-Kelly pose ¡®big¡¯ questions in their assessment profiles, including the ¡®best support¡¯ for students and life-long learning, with goals including ¡®curiosity, increased independence . . . and self-actualisation¡¯ (page 144) and the intensive curriculum planning necessary to work with students with disability. |
» ²ÂÄãϲ»¶
²ÄÁÏר˶283Çóµ÷¼Á
ÒѾÓÐ7È˻ظ´
Ò»Ö¾Ô¸±±¾©2£¬²ÄÁÏÓ뻯¹¤308Çóµ÷¼Á
ÒѾÓÐ4È˻ظ´
Çóµ÷¼Á
ÒѾÓÐ5È˻ظ´
Ò»Ö¾Ô¸9²ÄÁÏѧ˶297ÒѹýÁù¼¶Çóµ÷¼ÁÍÆ¼ö
ÒѾÓÐ8È˻ظ´
278Çóµ÷¼Á
ÒѾÓÐ9È˻ظ´
285Çóµ÷¼Á
ÒѾÓÐ5È˻ظ´
Ò»Ö¾Ô¸ÎäÀí²ÄÁϹ¤³Ì302µ÷¼Á»·»¯»ò»¯¹¤
ÒѾÓÐ20È˻ظ´
348Çóµ÷¼Á
ÒѾÓÐ3È˻ظ´
±¾¿Æ211 ·ÖÊý293ÇëÇóµ÷¼Á
ÒѾÓÐ3È˻ظ´
Ò»Ö¾Ô¸ÄÏÅ©090401£¬268£¬Çóµ÷¼Á
ÒѾÓÐ4È˻ظ´

ÎÞè¦
½ð³æ (ÕýʽдÊÖ)
- Ó¦Öú: 0 (Ó×¶ùÔ°)
- ½ð±Ò: 1157.1
- Ìû×Ó: 364
- ÔÚÏß: 26Сʱ
- ³æºÅ: 759426
- ×¢²á: 2009-04-28
- רҵ: Ò©¼Áѧ
¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ...
sunyichong(½ð±Ò+150,VIP+0):Ê®·Ö¸Ðл 11-15 12:25
sunyichong(½ð±Ò+150,VIP+0):Ê®·Ö¸Ðл 11-15 12:25
|
Gunther KressÊÇ´ÓÕâ¸öÃüÌ⿪ʼÌÖÂ۵ģº¶ÔѧϰÓëÆÀ¹ÀµÄÑо¿ÒýÆðµÄһϵÁд«²¥Ñ§ºÍÒâÒåÀíÂÛ¡£ËûÏò¶ÁÕßÌá³öÌôÕ½£ºÈçºÎʶ±ðѧϰ¼°ÆäÏà¹ØÊý¾Ý´Ó¶ø´ïµ½±íÃ÷ѧϰÒѾ·¢Éú£¿¾¡¹ÜËû¶ÔÕâÁ½¸öÎÊÌâ½øÐÐÁËÑо¿£¬µ«ÊÇËû°ÑÖ÷Òª¾«Á¦·ÅÔÚÁËÌØ¶¨±³¾°ÏµÄѧϰÒÔ¼°ÒâÒå¡¢·ûºÅºÍ¸ÅÄîµÄ¹¹³ÉÈçºÎÓë´ËÌØ¶¨µÄ±³¾°Ïà¹Ø¡£´ÓѧϰµÄ¼ÇºÅѧÀíÂÛ³ö·¢£¬ËûÌá³öÁËеÄʶ±ðѧϰµÄÔÀí£¬Õâ¸ö·½·¨ÏòÒÔ½²ÑÝÓë¼Ç¼Ϊģ°åµÄ´«Í³ÓïÑÔѧģʽ·¢³öÁËÌôÕ½¡£±¾ÕÂÌá³öÁËÈçºÎʹÕâЩģʽÌáǰ¸ø¶¨²¢ÒýÆðÁËÔÚ¸÷ÖÖģʽÏÂÄܹ»Ê¶±ðÒâÒåÉú³É¼°Ñ§Ï°³É¹ûµÄÓûÍû¡£´ÓËûÕâ¶ùµÃµ½µÄÐÅÏ¢¾ÍÊDz»Äܱ»Ê¶±ðµÄ½«²»»áÒ²²»Äܱ»ÆÀ¹À¡£Õ⽫µ¼ÖÂËûÌáµ½µÄÈç¶ÁÕßÑÏÖØµÄÎóÅÐÄÜÁ¦ÓëÐÐΪµÄÊÂÇé¡£ÈκζÔδÀ´µÄÆÀ¹À±Ø¶¨Éæ¼°µ½¼¼ÊõÎÊÌâ¡£¼¼ÊõÓëÆÀ¹ÀµÄÏ໥¹ØÏµÓÐÈçϼ¸ÖÖÐÎʽ£º1¡¢¿Æ¼¼×÷ΪһÖֿɱ£Ö¤´«Í³ÆÀ¹À½øÐеŤ¾ß£»2¡¢¿Æ¼¼Ëù´øÀ´µÄÓ°ÏìÓëÆÀ¹ÀµÄÏ໥×÷Óã»3¡¢½ÌÓý¼¼ÊõµÄÆÀ¹À£»4¡¢µ±¿Æ¼¼×÷ΪÁË21ÊÀ¼ÍµÄ½¹µãʱÈçºÎ½øÐÐÆÀ¹ÀµÄÐÂÖ÷ÕÅ¡£ Randy BennettºÍDrew GitomerÌá³öÁËÒ»¸öÁîÈËÐ˷ܵÄÊӽǣ¬¼´ÆÀ¹ÀÈçºÎÔÚÈç½ñÒԿƼ¼ÎªÉú²úÁ¦µÄ21ÊÀ¼Í±»·ÖÎö¡£ËûÃǽ«¼¼Êõ½ø²½Óë¶Ô¸öÌå¼°ÆäѧϰÐÔÖʵÄÀí½âµÄ·¢Õ¹½áºÏÆðÀ´¡£ËûÃÇÈÏΪµ±Ç°µÄ³É¼¨¸ºÔðÖÆÒé³ÌÓ¦¸Ã¾ßÓиü¶à¸üÓÐÒâÒåµÄÐÅÏ¢¡£ËûÃÇÌá³öµÄÕâ¸öÌôÕ½´øÀ´ÁËÈÏÖª¿ÆÑ§µÄ·¢Õ¹¡¢ÐÄÀí²âÊÔ·½·¨µÄ·¢Õ¹ÒÔ¼°¿Æ¼¼µÄ½ø²½£¬´Ó¶øÓÐÀûÓÚ³öÏÖ°éËæ×Ô¶¯µÃ·ÖµÄ¸ü·á¸»µÄÆÀ¹ÀÈÎÎñ¡£ËûÃÇ´Ó°Ñ×Ô¼ºµÄÏà¹ØË¼ÏëͶÈëµ½ÃÀ¹ú½ÌÓý´ó±³¾°Ï¿ªÊ¼×ÅÊÖ£¬¹ØÐÄ£¬¶ÔÓÚËùÓÐѧÉú¶øÑÔѧϰ¾ÀúÒÔ¼°£¬¶ÔÓÚѧÉúÌá¸ßÀ´Ëµ³É¼¨¸ºÔðÖÆÒé³ÌÓÐÏ޵ĽÌÓý¼ÛÖµµÄÖÊÁ¿ÓëÆ½µÈ¡£ µ«ÊÇ£¬´ÓÆäËûÕ½ڿÉÒÔÁ˽⵽£¬ÃÀ¹úµÄ½ÌÓý¾ÀúÓëÕþ²ß¹Ø×¢£¬ÎÞÂÛÕýÈ·»¹ÊÇ´íÎ󣬶¼²»ÊǶÀÁ¢´æÔڵġ£ËûÃǼ¤Àø×Ô¼º´´Ôì³öÒ»¸ö¸üºÃµÄÏÖ´ú³É¼¨¸ºÔðϵͳ£¬¿ÉÒÔ¸ø³öºÃµÄÆÀ¹Àʵ¼ù£¬´Ó¶øÓÐÀûÓÚ¼à²âѧÉúµÄѧϰ½øÕ¹²¢Ìá¸ßѧÉúµÄѧϰ³É¼¨¡£ËûÃǵÄÕâÒ»³õ²½ÀíÄî°üº¬ÁËÏÂÊöÄÚÈÝ£º1¡¢ÆÀ¹ÀÓ¦¸ÃÄܹ»È·¶¨²»Í¬¸öÌåµÄÓÅȱµã£»2¡¢ÆÀ¹ÀÓ¦¸Ã½¨Á¢ÔÚѧϰ·¢Õ¹ÀíÂ۵Ļù´¡ÉÏ£»3¡¢ÆÀ¹ÀÓ¦¸ÃÌá¹©ÕæÊµ¿É¿¿ÓÐÒâÒåµÄ±£Ö¤£»4¡¢ÆÀ¹ÀÓ¦¸Ã¿ÉÒÔʶ±ð³öѧϰ³É¼¨Óë֪ʶµÄÉç»áÓëÎÄ»¯ÐÔÖÊ£»5¡¢ÆÀ¹ÀÓ¦¸ÃµÃµ½Ö°Òµ·¢Õ¹µÄÖ§³ÖºÍÆÀ¹Àר¼ÒµÄ¿Ï¶¨¡£ Glenn Finger ºÍRomina Jamieson-ProctorÒ²´Ó¼¼Êõ½Ç¶È¿¼ºËÁËÆÀ¹ÀÖÆ¶È¡£¸Ã½Ç¶È²»½öÊÇÖ¸×÷ΪÆÀ¹ÀÐÎʽµÄ¼¼ÊõµÄÓ¦Ó㬻¹°üÀ¨ÒÔÏÂÏà¹ØÎÊÌ⣺1¡¢ÐÅϢͨÐż¼ÊõÁìÓòÄÚµÄѧϰÆÀ¹À£»2¡¢²»Í¬ÆÀ¹ÀÐÎʽ¼äµÄÏ໥ӰÏìÒÔ¼°ÐÅϢͨÐż¼Êõ֪ʶ±¾ÖÊ¡£ÎÒÃÇÒ²ÈÏΪÕýÈçǰËùÊö£¬¿Æ¼¼ÓëÆä½ø²½½«»áÔÚδÀ´½ÌÓýºÍ¿Æ¼¼Êܵ½»¶ÓµÄ21ÊÀ¼ÍÀï³ÉΪÖ÷ÒªµÄÓ°ÏìÁ¦¡£Èç¹ûÓëÉÏÊö²»·ûºÏ£¬ÄÇô½«µÃµ½Ò»ÖÖÓɸ¸Ä¸Ç¿ÖƵIJ»·ûºÏµ±´úʱ´úÌØµãµÄ½ÌÓý½á¹û¡£¼¼Êõ±ä»¯²»Äܱ»ÕýÊÓ£¬¾ÍÏñ¶ÔÓÚº¢×ÓÃÇÀ´Ëµ20ÊÀ¼ÍÖкóÆÚ¿ÉÓõļ¼Êõ×ÊÔ´ÒѾ³¬¹ýÁËÄÇʱµÄÃÎÏë¡£¾¡¹ÜÈç´Ë£¬µ«ÊÇÔÚÀí½âÁËÐÅϢͨÐż¼Êõ±³¾°ÏÂÒÔ¼°½ÌѧÊä³öµÄ֪ʶ±¾Öʺó£¬Ñ§Ï°ÓëÆÀ¹ÀÖÆ¶È½«³ÉΪÏà¶ÔеĽÌÓýʵ¼ù»î¶¯¡£ËûÃǶþÈ˴ӿƼ¼½ÌÓýÄÚÈݵÄ֪ʶµÄ½Ç¶ÈÑо¿Õâ¸öÎÊÌ⣬²¢½¨Á¢ÔÚËÕ¶ûÂüµÄ½ÌÓýѧÀíÂ۵Ļù´¡ÉÏ¡£ËûÃÇÌṩÁËʹÓÃÐÅϢͨÐż¼ÊõµÄÀý×Ó£¬±ÈÈçѧÉúµÄµç×Óµµ°¸´üµÄ·¢Õ¹¡£ÕýÈç±¾ÕÂËùÊö£¬»ú»áÊܵ½ÁËÎÒÃÇ×Ô¼º¿ÉʹÓÿÆÑ§¼¼ÊõµÄÄÜÁ¦µÄÏÞÖÆ¡£ËûÃÇÈÏΪ¶ÔÓÚÆÀ¹ÀÌåϵÀ´Ëµ£¬ÕâÒ»µãÊÇÖØÒªµÄ£¬¼´ÎÒÃÇÓ¦¸ÃÔ½¹ýÓµÓеĿƼ¼ÖªÊ¶±¾Éí£¬È¥¹Ø×¢Ó¦¸ÃÈçºÎʹÓÃÐÅϢͨÐż¼ÊõÒÔ¼°ÈçºÎʹÓô´ÔìÐÔ¡¢¸´ÔÓµÄ˼ά·½Ê½µÄ±ãÀû¡£ËûÃÇÌṩÁËÒ»¸ö¶ÔÏÖÓÐʹÓÃÐÅϢͨÐż¼Êõ¼°ÆäËûÐí¶à¿É¿¿¹¤¾ß½øÐÐѧϰµÄ·½·¨£¬ÒÔ¼°Î´À´½«³öÏֵĸ÷ÖָĸïµÄ×ÛºÏÈ«ÃæµÄ¿¼²é¡£¸üÎªÖØÒªµÄÊÇ£¬ËûÃÇÖ¸³öÁËδÀ´ËùÃæÁٵľ޴óÌôÕ½ÊǽÌʦÐèÒÔÏàͬµÄËÙ¶È£¨ÓëѧÉúÏà±È£©ÊìÁ·ÕÆÎÕÐÅϢͨÐż¼Êõ£¬ÒÔ¼°½ÌÓý¹¤×÷ÕßÓбØÒªÁ˽âѧÉúÔÚ21ÊÀ¼ÍÕýÔÚÈçºÎѧϰ¡£ ÔÚ¸ø¶¨±»¹á³¹Ä¿±ê¼°Ó¦Óû·¶Î§ÄÚ£¬Claire Wyatt-SmithºÍStephanie Gunn Ñо¿ÁË21ÊÀ¼ÍÆÀ¹ÀÀíÂÛ»ù´¡¡£ËûÃÇÈÏΪ×÷ΪÒâÒåÉú³ÉµÄÆÀ¹À·½·¨ÌṩÁËÒ»ÖÖ¿¼ºËÆÀ¹ÀÄ¿µÄ¼°Êµ¼ù²¢Ê¹Ö®³ÉÐεķ½Ê½¡£Wyatt-SmithºÍGunn ͨ¹ýÔÚ°Ä´óÀûÑÇÀ¥Ê¿À¼ÖݽøÐеÄÑо¿Ö¤¾ÝÀ´Ö§³ÖClaireËûÃǵÄÀíÂÛÉèÏë¡£°Ä´óÀûÑÇÀ¥Ê¿À¼ÖݵÄѧУ¸ßÄê¼¶ÈÏ¿ÉÆÀ¹ÀÌåϵÊÇÀûÓýÌʦÅжÏÀ´½øÐеģ¬ÒѾÔÚ¹ú¼ÊÉÏÏíÓÐÊ¢ÃûÈýÊ®ÄêÁË¡£ËûÃÇÑо¿Á˸ÃѧУÔçÆÚµÄ´ËÖÖÆÀ¹ÀÖÆ¶È£¬Í¬Ê±»¹Ñо¿ÁËʵʩ´Ë°ì·¨µÄ·½Ê½£ºÔÚÒѳÉÐÎµÄÆÀ¹ÀÌåϵÒÔ¼°¶Ô¿ÎÌýÌѧÖð½¥¼ÓÉîÓ°ÏìµÄÍⲿ³É¼¨±¨¸æÒªÇóºÍÓ°ÏìÁ¦Ï£¬Éç»á»·¾³Óë½ÌʦÆÚÍûÖ®¼äµÄ¶¯Ì¬±ä»¯¡£¾¡¹ÜÕⲿ·ÖÑо¿ÌÖÂÛÊÇÔÚ°Ä´óÀûÑǵÄÀ¥Ê¿À¼ÖݽøÐе쬵«ÊÇÕâЩ»·¾³¾ßÓÐÃ÷ÏԵĹú¼ÊÊÊÓ¦ÐÔ£¨µäÐÍÐÔ£©¡£ÀûÓÃÑо¿ÓйØÑ§Éú¹«Æ½ÎÊÌâºÍѧÉú²îÒìµÄ±ØÒªÐÔµÈÎÊÌâËùµÃµ½µÄ½á¹û£¬ËûÃÇÇ¿µ÷Ö¸³öÁËÑо¿×÷ΪÆÀ¹ÀÌåϵ»ù´¡ÔªËصÄÖ¤¾ÝµÄ±ØÒªÐÔ¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬ÕâЩ֤¾Ý×ÔÉí¾ÍÊǽÌÓýÖÆ¶ÈÏÂÉç»áÎÄ»¯»·¾³µÄÒ»²¿·Ö¡£ËûÃÇÏêϸ²ûÊöÁËÑо¿ÆÀ¹ÀÒâÒåÉú³ÉÌåϵµÄËĸö¡°¾µ×Ó¡±£¬Ó¦ÓÃËüÃÇ×÷ΪÑо¿ÊµÑéÖ¤¾ÝµÄÒ»¸ö¿ò¼Ü¡£µ±Ñо¿Õ¹¿ªºó£¬ÕâÑùµÄÒâÒå¾Í³öÏÖÁË£º¼È¶ÔÆÀ¹ÀÀíÂÛÓëʵ¼ùÓÐ×÷Ó㬶øÇÒ¶ÔÀÏʦרҵÐÔºÍÆÀ¹ÀÎÄ»¯ÓÐÓ°Ïì¡£±¾ÕÂ˵Ã÷Á˵±ÎÒÃǽøÈëÕâ¸ö¶ÔÌá¸ßѧϰµÄÆÀ¹ÀÌåϵҪÇóÔ½À´Ô½¸ßµÄ21ÊÀ¼ÍµÄʱºò£¬ÎÒÃǾÍÓбØÒªÔö¼Ó×ÔÉí¶ÔÆÀÂÛÀíÂÛ±¾ÉíµÄÀí½â¡£ ±¾ÊéÖÐ×÷ÕßÌáµ½µÄÁíÒ»¸ö½Ï¿í·ºµÄÂÛµã¾ÍÊǰÑÎÒÃÇÃèÊöΪ½¨ÉèÉç»á×ʱ¾£¨±ÈÈç²îÒìÐÔ¡¢¶àÔª»¯ÒÔ¼°Éç»á±¡Èõ»·½Ú£©µÄһϵÁÐÆÀ¹ÀÎÊÌâÄÉÈ뿼ÂÇ·¶Î§ÄÚ¡£Caroline Gipps µÈÈËÔÚÕâЩÕ½ÚÖÐÌáµ½µÄÏà¹ØÖ÷Ìâis ÆÀ¹ÀÌåϵ¶ÔѧÉú³É¼¨ËµÃ÷µÄÓ°ÏìÒÔ¼°ËüÃǶþÕßµÄÏ໥¹ØÏµ¡£¶øÇÒ£¬ÕâЩµ£ÓÇÒѾ´ÓÒÔϽǶȽøÐÐÁË¿¼²é£º1¡¢Ã¿¸öѧÉú×·Çó×îºÃµÄ½ÌÓý»ú»áµÄ¹«Æ½ÎÊÌ⣻2¡¢Í¨¹ý¸÷ÖÖ¹úÄÚ¼°¹ú¼Ê¼äµÄ±ê×¼»¯²âÊÔÊý¾Ý½øÐп¼ºËµÄ¹«Æ½ÎÊÌ⣻3¡¢¶ÔÓÐѧϰÕϰµÄѧÉúÌá¸ßÆÀ¹Àʵ¼ùµÄ¹«Æ½ÎÊÌ⼰з½·¨£»4¡¢ËæÖ®¶ø²úÉúµÄ·¨ÂÉÉÏµÄÆÀ¹À¼°¹«Æ½ÎÊÌâ¡£ËûÃÇÌá³öÆÀ¹ÀÌåϵÖеĹ«Æ½ÎÊÌâÓ¦¸Ã´Óµ¥Ò»¹«Æ½¼¼Êõ¶¨Òå½Ç¶È¿¼ÂÇ×ªÒÆµ½°ÑÆÀ¹ÀÄÚÈݼ°ÆäÓëÉç»áÎÄ»¯ÎÊÌâ¹ØÏµ×÷ΪǶÈëʽµÄÉç»á»î¶¯µÄ˼Ïë½Ç¶È¡£¸ü¹ã·ºÀ´Ëµ£¬ËûÃÇÈÏΪ¹«Æ½¹«ÕýÐèÒª¿¼ÂÇ·ÃÎÊÓë»ú»áµÄƽµÈÐÔ£¬²»½ö½öÖ»Êdzɼ¨Êä³öµÄƽµÈÐÔ¡£Æ½µÈµÄ½á¹û¿ÉÄܶÔÓÚijЩѧÉúÀ´ËµÊǹ«Æ½µÄ£¬µ«ÊǶÔÓÚÁíÒ»²¿·ÖÀ´ËµÈ´²»Æ½µÈ£»È»¶ø²»Æ½µÈµÄ½á¹û¿ÉÄܶÔÓÚËùÓеÄѧÉúÀ´Ëµ¶¼Êǹ«Æ½Ó빫ÕýµÄ¡£ËûÃÇÏêϸ˵Ã÷ÁËÒÔϼ¸¸öÖ÷Ì⣺1¡¢µÂ¸£ÌØÔÚǰÑÔÖÐËùÌÖÂ󵀮À¹ÀµÄÆðÔ´ÎÊÌ⣻2¡¢ÎªÁ˲»Í¬Ñ¡ÔñÐÔÄ¿µÄ£¬ÔÚÒ»¶¨µÄÉç»á½á¹¹ÖУ¬ÔÚºÏÀíµÄʱºò³öÏֵįÀ¹ÀµÄ²úÉúÎÊÌ⣻3¡¢´Ù½ø¹«Æ½¼ÛÖµµÄÎÊÌâ¡£Ëæ×ÅһЩÉç»á¼ÙÏ루¸Ã¼ÙÏëÓÃÓÚÖ§³ÖÆÀ¹ÀÖÆ¶ÈµÄ·¢Õ¹ÒÔ¼°Ê¹´ËÖÆ¶È˳ÀûÔËÐеÄÉç»á×ʱ¾£©µÄ³öÏÖ£¬¶ÔÆÀ¹ÀÌåϵ·¢Õ¹ÓÐ×ÅÓ°ÏìµÄÆðÔ´µÄÓ°ÏìÁ¦£¬ÒÔ¼°20ÊÀ¼ÍÐÄÀí²âÊÔģʽµÄ³öÏÖ£¬Òѱ»ÁÐÈëÑо¿¿¼ÂÇ·¶Î§ÄÚÁË¡£¾¡¹ÜÆÀ¹ÀģʽµÄ·¢Õ¹±»¿´×÷¶þÊ®ÊÀ¼Í½ÌÓýºâÁ¿Ä£Ê½·¢Õ¹µÄÓ¦´ð£¬µ«ÊÇËü×ÔÉíÔÚÉç»áÎÄ»¯Éϲ¢²»¾ßÓÐÖÐÁ¢ÐÔ¡£ËûÃÇÈÏΪ´ÓÉç»áÎÄ»¯½Ç¶È̸Â۵Ĺ«Æ½ÎÊÌâ½ö½öÖ»ÄÜͨ¹ýеÄÓÐЧ½á¹¹À´»ñµÃ¡£×÷Õßͨ¹ýÈý¸ö²»Í¬µÄÉç»áÎÄ»¯ÏÂµÄÆÀ¹À»·¾³½øÐÐ˵Ã÷Á˹«Æ½ÓëÆ½µÈ²»ÊǺ㶨µÄ£¬¶øÊÇÐèÒªÔÚÿһ¸öÆÀ¹À»·¾³ÏÂ×Ðϸ·ÖÎö²ÅÄܵõ½µÄ¡£¸üÖØÒªµÄÊÇ£¬ËûÃǰÑ×·ÇóÆÀ¹ÀÖÆ¶ÈµÄ¹«Æ½ÐÔÒÔ¼°¸öÌåµÄ»ú»á¿´×÷Ò»Ïî½ÌÓýÆÀ¹ÀÌåϵµÄÖ÷Òª²¢ÇÒ³ÖÐøµÄÌôÕ½¡£ÎÒÃÇÓбØÒª¼ÌÐø¹À¼ÆÃ÷ÏÔµÄÆ«¼ûºÍ¼Ù¶¨£¬²¢¼ÌÐøÎ¬³Ö¾¯¾õºÍÕþÖÎÒâÖ¾¡£ Susan BrookhartÌṩÁËÒ»ÖÖ½ÏÈ«ÃæµÄ·ÖÎö·½·¨£¬·ÖÎö¹ú¼ÊÓë¹úÄÚ¶àÒòËØ¿¼²éÑо¿µÄÆÀ¹ÀÌåϵµÄÊý¾Ý£¬´Ó¶øÑéÖ¤´ËÖÆ¶ÈµÄ¹«Æ½ÐÔºÍÐÔ±ðЧӦ¡£ËýµÄ·ÖÎöÒ»¶¨Êǽ¨Á¢ÔÚÉÏÊöµ÷²éÑо¿µÄ½á¹ûºÍ±ê×¼»¯´ëÊ©µÄ»ù´¡Éϵ쬾ßÓжàÖÖÀàÐ͵ıê×¼»¯ÆÀ¹Àģʽ¡£Ëý´Ó²»Í¬µÄѧ¿Æ£¬±ÈÈçÓ¢Óï¡¢Êýѧ¡¢×ÔÈ»¿ÆÑ§£¬´Ó²»Í¬µÄÄêÁä×é±ðÖУ¬µ÷²é·¢ÏÖ¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬ËýµÄÌÖÂÛ»¹²»½öÊÇ¿ÉÒÔ±æ±ð³ö²»Í¬µÄ²âÊÔ½á¹ûÊÇ·ñÓëѧÉúµÄÐÔ±ðÓйأ¬¶øÇÒ»¹ÄÜ¿¼²éµ½²»Í¬½á¹ûµÄ²îÒì±¾ÖÊ£¬¼´ÕâÖÖ²îÒìÐÔÊÇ·ñÊÇÓÉѧÉúµÄÐÔ±ðÓëÆÀ¹À¹ý³ÌµÄÏ໥×÷ÓÃÀ´¾ö¶¨£¨´ð°¸ÍùÍùÊÇ·ñ¶¨µÄ£©£¬ÒÔ¼°ÕâÑùµÄ²îÒìÈçºÎ±»½ÌÓý¹¤×÷Õß½øÐнâÊÍ¡£ËýËù¹ØÐĵÄÊÇѧÉúÄܹ»×öЩʲôÒÔ¼°Óɳɼ¨µ¥Ëù˵Ã÷µÄ²îÒìµÄ½ÌÓýѧÒâÒå¡£ËýµÄ×î³õµÄ·ÖÎö½á¹ûÏÔʾ£¬¾¡¹ÜÔÚÎÄѧÔĶÁ·½Ãæ¿ÉÒԵõ½Ò»ÖµĽá¹û£¬¼´Å®Éú¸üÓÐÀûÓÚÔĶÁ£¬µ«ÊǶÔÓÚÊýѧÀ´Ëµ£¬½á¹ûÈ´²¢²»Ã÷ÏÔ»òÕß˵±£³ÖÒ»Ö£¬Õâ¿ÉÄÜÓë´Ë¿Î³Ì±¾ÉíÓйأ¬Ò²ÓпÉÄÜÓëÏà¹Ø½ÌѧÓйء£ÔÚÆäËûÁìÓòÀïÀàËÆÏàËÆµÄ½á¹ûÒ²±»·¢ÏÖ£¬ÓÈÆäÊǵ±½áºÏÈË¿Úͳ¼ÆÊý¾Ý½øÐзÖÎö½á¹ûʱ¡£ÔÚ±»ÆÀ¹ÀµÄ½á¹¹¡¢²»Í¬×é±ðµÄѧÉúÒÔ¼°ÐÔ±ð½á¹ûÖ®¼ä´æÔÚ×ÅһЩ½ÏÃ÷ÏÔµÄÏ໥¹ØÏµ¡£Ëý½øÒ»²½Ö¸³ö²îÒìÔÚÄĶù·¢ÏÖ£¬¸öÌå±äÒìÐÔ¿ÉÄܾ͸üÏÔÖø£¬¼´²»Í¬µÄÄк¢ÓëÅ®º¢¸öÌå¡¢²»Í¬Ñ§Ð££¬¿ÉÄÜÓëÆ½¾ùͳ¼ÆÆÀ¹À½á¹ûÓÐÃ÷ÏԵIJîÒì¡£ËýµÄ¶ÔδÀ´È·±£ÆÀ¹À¹«Æ½ÐԵķ½ÏòµÄ×ܽáÐÔÌÖÂÛÉæ¼°µ½¸öÌåµÄÖØÒªÐÔÎÊÌâ¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬ËýµÄ×îºóһЩÏë·¨Ó뽨Òé¶ÔÆÀ¹ÀÖÆ¶ÈµÄÑо¿ÌṩÁ˲»Í¬µÄÎÊÌ⣬¼´ÒªÇó¸ü¶àµÄ¹Ø×¢³É¼¨µÄ¾¼ÃÓëÉç»áÑùʽ£¬Õâ¿ÉÄܸü·þ´ÓÓÚÉç»áµÄ±ä»¯¡£ Deborah Keen ºÍMichael Arthur-Kelly¿¼ÂÇÁ˶ÔÓÚ×ÜÊǶԽÌÓýÑо¿ÓÐÌØÊâ×¢ÒâÁ¦µÄѧÉúÀ´ËµÆÀ¹ÀµÄÒâÒ壬ÓÈÆäÊǾßÓÐѧϰÕϰµÄѧÉú¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬ËûÃǵÄÌÖÂÛ²»ÊÇÕâЩѧÉúÓÐÏÞµÄÆÚÍûµÄȱÏÝģʽ£¬¶øÊÇÒ»¸öÐÂÊÚȨµÄģʽ£¬ÕâÑù¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýÓë½Ìѧ˵Ã÷ÓëÄ¿±êÉèÖýôÃÜÁªÏµÆðÀ´µÄÆÀ¹ÀÐж¯½øÐС£ÕâÑùµÄÆÀ¹ÀÕýÔÚ·¢ÉúÔڱ仯Öð½¥Ôö¼ÓµÄ»·¾³Àµ«ÊÇÈ·¶¨Ã¿¸ö¸öÌåËùÐèÒªµÄÖ¸ÁîÇ¿¶ÈˮƽÒÔ¼°ÕâЩָÁîµÄÓÐЧÐÔÊÇÖÁ¹ØÖØÒªµÄ¡£ËûÃǼÌÐøÁËÎÒÃǵÄÑо¿¹¤×÷£¬ÒÔÖÂÓÚÿһ¸ö¸öÌå¶¼Äܹ»Ñ§Ï°²¢Äܹ»±»¸øÓèѧϰµÄ»ú»á¡£ËûÃǶÔѧÉú²ÎÓëѧϰºÍÆÀ¹À·½Ê½µÄ¹Ø×¢´ÓÖ÷Á÷µÄÊӽǸøÆÀ¹ÀÀíÂÛ´øÀ´ÁËÒ»¸öȫеÄ˼¿¼½Ç¶È¡£ËûÃÇͨ¹ýÒýÓöÔ×Ô±ÕÕϰµÄѧÉúËù×öµÄÑо¿Êý¾ÝÀ´Ö§³ÖËûÃǵÄÂ۵㡣ËûÃÇͨ¹ýÒýÓÃÃÀ¹ú×îÔʼµÄÑо¿À´ÃèÊöÓÐѧϰÕϰµÄѧÉú»ùÓÚ¿Î³ÌµÄÆÀ¼Û¡£ËûÃÇÈÏΪÆÀ¹ÀÖÆ¶È£¬´ÓÓÅÊÆ·ÖÎöÀ´Ëµ£¬Ò»°ãÓ¦¸Ã¼¸ºõÍêÈ«±»¼¯ÖÐÓÚÕâÑùµÄ¿¼ÂÇ£ºÊ¹Ñ§ÉúµÄ³É¼¨¾¡¿ÉÄÜ×î´ó»¯¡£ËûÃÇÌá³öÁËһЩ´óÎÊÌ⣬±ÈÈç¶ÔÓÚѧÉúºÍ´øÓÐÄ¿±ê£¨°üÀ¨ºÃÆæÐÄ¡¢ÔöÇ¿µÄ¶ÀÁ¢ÐÔ¡¢×ÔÎÒʵÏֵȵȣ©µÄÖÕÉúѧϰµÄ×îºÃµÄÖ§³Ö£¬ÒÔ¼°ÓÐÀûÓÚÕϰѧÉúѧϰ±ØÒªµÄÇ¿»¯¿Î³Ì¹æ»®¡£ [ Last edited by ÎÞè¦ on 2009-11-12 at 20:41 ] |

2Â¥2009-11-11 12:14:54
goodtimega
Ìú¸Ëľ³æ (ÖøÃûдÊÖ)
- ·ÒëEPI: 4
- Ó¦Öú: 1 (Ó×¶ùÔ°)
- ½ð±Ò: 8138.7
- É¢½ð: 570
- ºì»¨: 1
- Ìû×Ó: 1489
- ÔÚÏß: 527.5Сʱ
- ³æºÅ: 820248
- ×¢²á: 2009-08-02
- רҵ: ¸ß·Ö×Ó²ÄÁϽṹÓëÐÔÄÜ
3Â¥2009-11-12 03:49:19
lb125lb
ľ³æ (ÕýʽдÊÖ)
- Ó¦Öú: 5 (Ó×¶ùÔ°)
- ½ð±Ò: 1531.9
- Ìû×Ó: 749
- ÔÚÏß: 383.7Сʱ
- ³æºÅ: 873768
- ×¢²á: 2009-10-16
- ÐÔ±ð: GG
- רҵ: ÓлúºÏ³É
4Â¥2009-11-12 18:25:26
ÐǺ£»Û¶ù
ÈÙÓþ°æÖ÷ (Ö°Òµ×÷¼Ò)
ľ³æ¾«Áé
- Ó¦Öú: 849 (²©ºó)
- ¹ó±ö: 0.978
- ½ð±Ò: 22119.4
- É¢½ð: 3714
- ºì»¨: 103
- ɳ·¢: 5
- Ìû×Ó: 3828
- ÔÚÏß: 803.1Сʱ
- ³æºÅ: 568253
- ×¢²á: 2008-06-03
- רҵ: ·ÖÎö»¯Ñ§
- ¹ÜϽ: ÐÂÒ©Ñз¢

5Â¥2009-11-13 09:32:51
minhua6565
ͳæ (СÓÐÃûÆø)
![]() |
6Â¥2009-11-13 09:58:28
minhua6565
ͳæ (СÓÐÃûÆø)
- Ó¦Öú: 0 (Ó×¶ùÔ°)
- ½ð±Ò: 93.3
- Ìû×Ó: 103
- ÔÚÏß: 46·ÖÖÓ
- ³æºÅ: 892380
- ×¢²á: 2009-11-03
- ÐÔ±ð: GG
- רҵ: ½ðÊôÓлú»¯Ñ§
|
¸Ôɪ¿ËÀ×˹¿ªÊ¼ËûÓëÃüÌâÌÖÂÛ'´¦Àíѧϰ ºÍÆÀ¹Àµ÷ÓõŵͨºÍÒâÒåµÄÀíÂÛ'£¨¼ûµÚ19Ò³£©¡£ ËûµÄÌôÕ½¶ÁÕß¿¼ÂÇÈçºÎÈÏʶѧϰºÍÊý¾Ý»òÖ¤¾Ý Õ⽫¼ÆË㣬±íÃ÷ѧϰµÄ·¢Éú¡£Í¨¹ýËûµÄÕâЩ̽Ë÷ Á½¸öÎÊÌ⣬¿ËÀ×˹×ÅÖØÓÚÔÚÌØ¶¨Çé¿öϵÄѧϰÒÔ¼°ÈçºÎ¸ÅÄîµÄ ÒâÒ壬·ûºÅºÍ¸ÅÄʹÓйØÇé¿ö¡£ ´Ó·ûºÅѧµÄѧϰÀíÂ۵ĽǶȿªÕ¹¹¤×÷£¬¿ËÀ×˹ÀñÎï Ϊ¶ÔѧϰµÄÌôÕ½´«Í³Ê¶±ðµÄÐÂÔÔòµÄÇé¿ö ÓÅÊÆÑÔÂÛºÍд×÷µÄÓïÑÔģʽ¡£ËûºôÓõÕÂ³É ÎÊÌâÈçºÎ½«ÕâЩģʽÒÑ»ñµÃµÄ׿ԽºÍÌôÆðÒâʶ ÔÚ³ÐÈÏÆóͼÒâÒåµÄ¾ö²ßºÍËùÓеÄѧϰ·½Ê½¡£Ç¿´óµÄ ´Ó¿ËÀ×˹µÄÐÅÏ¢ÊÇ£¬'ʲôÊDz»³ÐÈϲ»»á£¬Ò²ÎÞ·¨ÆÀ¹À'£¬ µ¼ÖÂËû³ÆÖ®Îª'ѧԱ'ºÍÄÜÁ¦µÄÑÏÖØmisrecognition Ðж¯'£¨¼ûµÚ38Ò³£©¡£ ÈκÎδÀ´ÆÀ¹ÀµÄÌÖÂÛ±ØÈ»º¸Ç ÎÊÌâµÄ¼¼Êõ¡£¿Æ¼¼ÓëÆÀ¹ÀµÄ¹ØÏµ¿ÉÒÔ ÓÐÐí¶àÐÎʽ£º¼¼Êõ×÷ΪһÖÖ¹¤¾ßÀ´½øÐÐÆÀ¹ÀµÄ´«Í³ÐÎʽ; ¸Ã¼¼Êõ¶ÔÆÀ¹ÀÓ°ÏìµÄÏ໥×÷ÓÃ;ÆÀ¹À ¿Æ¼¼½ÌÓý£¬ÒÔ¼°ÒÔеĿ´·¨ÈçºÎÆÀ¶¨µÄÐÎ״ʱ ¼¼ÊõÊǼٶ¨Îª21ÊÀ¼ÍµÄÖØµã¡£À¼µÏ°àÄáÌØºÍµÂ³¼ªÍÐĬ ÌṩÁËÒ»¸öÁîÈËÕñ·ÜµÄ·½Ê½µÄ½Ç¶ÈÆÀ¹ÀÓ¦½âÊÍ ÔÚÒ»¸ö¼¼ÊõÇý¶¯µÄÊÀ½ç£¬ÊÀ½çÉÏÒѾÔÚÎÒÃÇÖÜΧµÄ ¶þʮһÊÀ¼Í¡£±´ÄÚÌØºÍ¼ªÍÐĬÁ´½Óµ½´Ù½ø¿Æ¼¼½ø²½ ÔÚÁ˽â¸öÈ˺ÍѧϰµÄÐÔÖÊ¡£ËûÃÇÄ¿Ç°ÃæÁÙµÄÌôÕ½ ÎÊÔðÒé³Ì¸ü¼ÓÁ˽âºÍͨ±¨¡£ËûÃǵÄÌôÕ½°üÀ¨ ÈÏÖª¿ÆÑ§µÄ·¢Õ¹£¬ÔÚ·¢Õ¹ÄÉÈëÐÄÀí ²âÁ¿·½·¨ºÍ¼¼ÊõµÄ·¢Õ¹£¬Ê¹³ÂÊö '¸ü·á¸»µÄÆÀ¹ÀÈÎÎñ£¬ÓëһЩ'µÃ·Ö'×Ô¶¯»¯'£¨¼ûµÚ43Ò³£©¡£±´ÄÚÌØ ºÍ¼ªÍÐĬչ¿ªcontextualisingÔÚÃÀ¹úµÄ½ÌÓýËûÃǵÄÏë·¨ ·½Ã棬¹ØÇÐÖÊÁ¿ºÍƽµÈµÄ½ÌÓý¾Ñé ËùÓÐѧÉúºÍÏàÓ¦µÄÓÐÏÞÔðÈÎÒé³ÌµÄ½ÌÓý¼ÛÖµ ѧÉú¸ÄÉÆ¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬ÎÒÃÇ×¢Òâµ½ÆäËûÕ½ڣ¬ÃÀ¹ú ¸÷¹úµÄ¾ÑéºÍÕþ²ßµÄµ±ÎñÖ®¼±£¬ÕýÈ·Óë·ñ£¬²»ÊÇËûÃǵĶ«Î÷ µ¥¶ÀµÄ¡£±´ÄÚÌØºÍ¼ªÍÐĬÌôÕ½×ÔÎÒ£¬´´ÔìÒ»¸ö¸üºÃµÄÎÊÔðÖÆ ϵͳ£¬ÏÖ´úµÄ£¬Á¼ºÃµÄÆÀ¹À×ö·¨ºÍ½ÌÓý·½ÃæÍ¨±¨ ¼ÛÖµ£¬ÔÊÐíѧÉúµÄ½ø¶È¼à²âºÍÌá¸ßѧÉúµÄ֪ͨ ѧϰ¡£ËûÃÇÌá³öµÄ·½°¸°üÀ¨Á˶ÀÁ¢³öÏÖµÄÖ÷Ìâ ´ÓÎÒÃÇÕâôÐí¶à×÷Õߣ¬¹Ø×¢ÕâÒ»ÆÀ¹ÀÓ¦ÄÜ ²éÃ÷µÄ³¤´¦ºÍÈõµã£¬¶¨ÖƲ»Í¬µÄ±¨¸æ ¹ÛÖÚÓ¦ÉèÔÚһЩѧϰºÍ·¢Õ¹£¬ÀíÂÛÒª Ìá¹©ÕæÊµºÍÓÐÒâÒåµÄѧÉú²ÎÓ룬Ӧ¸ÃÈÏʶµ½ Éç»áºÍÎÄ»¯ÐÔÖʵÄѧϰºÍ֪ʶ£¬Ó¦¸ÃÖ§³Ö רҵ·¢Õ¹ºÍÆÀ¹ÀÌáʾµÄ½Ìʦ¡£ÕâÊÇÔÚ×îÖÕͨ¹ý ËûÃǵĽâ¾ö·½°¸£¬¼¼Êõ³ÉΪÖÐÑëµÄÖ§³Ö¡£ ¸ñÂ×ÊÖÖ¸ºÍÂÞÃ×ÄɼÖÃ×É£¬±¦½à»¹Í¨¹ýÉó²éÆÀ¹À ¼¼ÊõµÄ¾µÍ·£¬¶ø²»½ö½öÊÇÒ»¸öÐÎʽµÄÆÀ¹À¼¼ÊõµÄÓ¦Ó㬠¶øÇÒÓйصÄÎÊÌ⣬ÔÚÐÅÏ¢ÁìÓòѧϰµÄÆÀ¹À ºÍͨÐż¼Êõ£¨ICTs£©µÄÆÀ¹ÀÐÎʽºÍ»¥¶¯ ÐÅÏ¢ºÍͨÐż¼Êõ֪ʶµÄÐÔÖÊ¡£Í¬ÒâÓëBennettºÍ¼ªÍÐĬ£¬ÒÔ¼°ÊÖÖ¸ºÍ ¼ÖÃ×É£¬±¦½à£¬ÎÒÃDzÉÈ¡¼øÓÚ¼¼ÊõºÍ¼¼ÊõµÄ·¢Õ¹ »áµÄÖ¸ÁîÊÇÖØ´óµÄÓ°Ï죬½ÌÓýºÍÆÀ¹À½«ÔÚ ¶þʮһÊÀ¼Í¡£Èç¹û²»ÊÇ£¬ÄÇô½á¹û½«ÊÇѧÉúµÄ½ÌÓý ³ÉÄêÈ˵Ĺ¹Ô죬Êǵ±½ñÊÀ½çµÄʱ´ú´íÎó¡£¼¼Êõ ±ä»¯À´²»ÄÜÉèÏ룬ÕýÈç¼¼Êõ×ÊÔ´ ¿ÉÔÚÕâ¸öʱºòº¢×Ó³¬Ô½20ÊÀ¼ÍÖÐÒ¶µÄÃÎÏë¡£ È»¶ø£¬Á˽âÐÅÏ¢ºÍͨÐż¼Êõ»·¾³ºÍ½ø¿Ú֪ʶµÄÐÔÖÊ ½Ìѧ£¬Ñ§Ï°ºÍÆÀ¹ÀÊDZȽÏеĽÌÓýŬÁ¦¡£ ÊÖÖ¸ºÍ¼ÖÃ×É£¬±¦½à̽Ë÷´ÓÕâ¸ö½Ç¶È¶Ô½ÌʦÎÊÌâ õ£Âȼף¬¼¼Êõѧ¿Æ½Ìѧ֪ʶµÄ½Ìѧ´óÂ¥ ÀíÂÛ£¬Êæ¶ûÂü£¨1987£©¡£ËüÃÇÌṩµÄÆÀ¹ÀÐÅÏ¢ºÍͨÐż¼ÊõµÄʹÓ÷¶Àý£¬ ÈçѧÉúePortfolios·¢Õ¹¡£ÕýÈç±¾ÕÂËùʾ£¬ »ú»áÓÐÏÞ£¬Ö»ÓÐÎÒÃÇ×Ô¼ºµÄÄÜÁ¦´ÓÊÂÓë¼¼Êõ Ìṩ¡£ÊÖÖ¸ºÍ¼ÖÃ×É£¬±¦½àÈÏΪËüÊÇÖØÒªµÄÆÀ¹À ³¬Ô½Ä£Ê½¶ÔѧÉú֪ʶ£¬¼¼Êõ¾ßÓн¹µã 'ѧÉúÈçºÎÄÜÀûÓÃÔÚ¸÷ÖÖÇé¿öϵĿγÌѧϰÐÅÏ¢ºÍͨÐż¼Êõ'ºÍ ÈçºÎʹÓÃÕâÖÖ·½±ãµÄ'´´ÔìÐÔ£¬¸´ÔÓºÍÅúÅÐ˼άµÄ·¢Õ¹ £¨Ò³67£©¡£ÊÖÖ¸ºÍ¼ÖÃ×É£¬±¦½àÌṩµÄÈ«ÃæÉó²é ĿǰµÄ״̬£¬ÔÚѧϰÒÕÊõ£¬ºÍÆÀ¹À£¬ÐÅÏ¢ºÍͨÐż¼ÊõµÄ¶àÖÖ¹¤¾ß ÒѾÌṩ¸ø½ÌʦºÍгöÏֵĴ´Ð¡£×îÖØÒªµÄÊÇ£¬ËûÃÇ·¢ÏÖ Õâ¶ÔδÀ´µÄÌôÕ½½«ÊDZ£³Ö½ÌʦÔÚÐÅÏ¢ºÍͨÐż¼ÊõÄÜÁ¦ ΪѧÉúͬÑùµÄËٶȺͽÌÓý¹¤×÷ÕßÐèÒªÓÐ'Ò»¸öÇ¿´óµÄÀí½â ѧÉúµÄѧϰÈçºÎÔÚ¶þʮһÊÀ¼Í'£¨µÚ78Ò³£©¡£ ¿ËÀ³¶û»³ÑÇÌØ-Ê·ÃÜ˹ºÍ˹µÙ·ÒÄݸð¶÷̽Ë÷ÀíÂ۵ıØÒªÐÔ ÔÚ¶þʮһÊÀ¼ÍµÄÆÀ¹ÀµÄ»ù´¡£¬ÒòΪ¸÷ÖÖÄ¿µÄºÍ »î¶¯µÃµ½ÊµÊ©¡£ËûÃÇÈÏΪ£¬×÷Ϊ¶ÔÆÀ¹À·½·¨ 'ÒâÒåµÄ¾ö²ß'£¨Delandshere£¦ÅåÌØÂÞ˹»ù£¬1998Ä꣩ÌṩÁËÒ»ÖÖ·½·¨£¬Éó²éºÍ ÐÎ×´ÆÀ¹ÀµÄÄ¿µÄºÍ×ö·¨¡£»³ÑÇÌØ-Ê·ÃÜ˹ºÍ¹¢ÊÏÖ§³ÖËûÃǵÄÀíÂÛ ÔÚÊÕ¼¯Ñо¿Óëʵ֤ÃüÌâ½øÐÐ ÔÚ°Ä´óÀûÑÇÀ¥Ê¿À¼ÖÝ¡£ÔÚÀ¥Ê¿À¼ÖÝÈÏ¿ÉÆÀ¼ÛÌåϵ ÔÚѧУ½ÌÓýµÄÍíÄ꣬ÓÃÀÏʦµÄÅжϣ¬ÒѾÔÚ¹ú¼ÊÉÏ ÒÑÖªµÄ30Äê¡£»³ÑÇÌØ-Ê·ÃÜ˹ºÍ¹¢ÊÏ̽Ë÷ÕâÑùµÄ·½·¨³ÉÎÄ·¨ ÔÚ¾Íѧǰ¼¸ÄêµÄ̽Ë÷£¬ÔÚÕâÖÖÅÐ¶Ï ÊÇÓÉ£ºÔÚËÜÔìµÄ¶¯Ì¬Ö®¼äµÄÉç»á»·¾³ºÍ½ÌʦµÄÆÚÍû ÅоöºÍÔö¼ÓÍⲿÔðÈεÄÒªÇóºÍ±³¾° Ó°Ïì¿ÎÌýÌѧ¡£¾¡¹ÜÌÖÂÛÊÇÔÚÀ¥Ê¿À¼ÖݺÍÉèÖà °Ä´óÀûÑÇ£¬ÕâЩ·½ÃæÓÐÃ÷È·µÄ¹ú¼Êgeneralisability¡£ÔÚ¼³È¡²ÎÊý ¹ØÓÚ¶ÔѧÉúµÄ¹«Æ½ÎÊÌâ½ø¿ÚÕâЩºÍÐèÒª½â¾ö ѧÉú£¬»³ÑÇÌØ-Ê·ÃÜ˹ºÍ¸ð¶÷¶àÑùÐÔÇ¿µ÷¶ÔÖ¤¾ÝµÄÐèÒª Ò»¸ö»ù´¡ÒªËØµÄÆÀ¹À¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬ÕâЩ֤¾Ý±¾ÉíÊÇ ²¿·Ö½ÌÓý³ÉÎÄ·¨µÄÉç»áÎÄ»¯±³¾°¡£»³ÑÇÌØ-Ê·ÃÜ˹ºÍ¹¢ÊÏ ¾«ÐÄ4'¾µÍ·'ÆÀ¹À£¬Ì½Ë÷ÒâÒåµÄ¾ö²ß£¬ÔËÓÃËüÃÇ Ò»¸ö¿ò¼Ü£¬Ì½Ë÷ËûÃǵÄÑо¿´Ó¾ÑéÖ¤¾Ý¡£ÓÉÓÚ¿±Ì½ Õ¹¿ª£¬²»½öÓ°Ïìµ½ÆÀ¹ÀµÄÀíÂÛºÍʵ¼ù£¬¶øÇÒ¶Ô ½ÌʦµÄרҵ¾«ÉñºÍÎÄ»¯µÄÆÀ¹À³öÏÖ¡£±¾ÕÂ˵Ã÷ ÒòΪÎÒÃÇÒѾ½øÈëÁËÓëÇ¿»¯µÄ×÷ÓÃ21ÊÀ¼ÍµÄÆÚÍû ÆÀ¹À£¬ÒÔÌá¸ßѧϰ£¬ÎÒÃÇÐèÒª¼ÌÐøÓëÎÒÃǵÄÔ¤ÆÚ½øÒ»²½ ¶ÔÆÀ¹ÀÀíÂÛ±¾ÉíÎÒÃÇ×Ô¼ºµÄÀí½â¡£ ÁíÒ»´óÖ÷ÌâÔÚ±¾ÊéµÄ×÷ÕßÊÇÉóÒéÈ·¶¨ ¶ÔһϵÁÐÎÊÌâµÄÆÀ¹Àµ±Ç°ÎÒÃÇΪ'½¨ÉèÉç»á×ʱ¾£º ²îÒ죬¶àÑùÐÔºÍÉç»á°üÈÝ'¡£ÕâЩÕ½ÚÖеÄÒ»¸ö»ù±¾Ö÷Ì⣬ ÓÉ¿¨ÂÞÁÕ¼ªÆÕ˹ºÍ¸êµÇ˹ÍаÍÌØ£¬ËÕɺ²¼Â³¿Ë¹þÌØ£¬µÂ²¼»ù¶÷ºÍÂõ¿Ë¶û °¢Éª-¿Àû£¬ºÍJoy¿¨Ã÷£¬ÊǶÔѧÉúµÄʾ·¶Ð§Ó¦ÆÀ¹À ³É¾ÍºÍÆÀ¹ÀºÍѧÉúµÄ»¥¶¯¡£Í¬Ñù£¬ÕâЩ ÓÇÂÇÒѼì²éÁËһϵÁй۵㣺¸öÈËÈ¨ÒæÎÊÌâ ÔÚΪËùÓÐ×·Çó×îºÃµÄ½ÌÓý»ú»áµÄѧÉú;ƽµÈÎÊÌâ ͨ¹ýÏÖÓеĹú¼ÒºÍ¹ú¼Ê±ê×¼½øÐвâÊÔ¼ì²é Êý¾Ý;¹«Æ½ÎÊÌ⣬²¢¼ÓÇ¿ÓëѧÉúµÄÆÀ¹Àʵ¼ùµÄÐÂ;¾¶ ²Ð¼²ÈË;ºÍÆÀ¹ÀºÍ¹«Æ½ÎÊÌ⣬ÒòΪËüÃǰÚÍÑ·¨ÂÉ¡£ ¿¨ÂÞÁÕ¼ªÆÕ˹ºÍ¸êµÇ˹ÍаÍÌØÆÀ¹À±¨¸æÖеĹ«Æ½ÎÊÌ⣬ ÒÆ¶¯´Ó'¼¼Êõ¶¨ÒåµÄ¹«Æ½¹«Õý'µÄ¹ÛÄîµÄ¿¼ÂÇ ÔÚÆÀ¹ÀºÍÉç»áÎÄ»¯±³¾°µÄÎÊÌâ×÷ΪÆÀ¹À 'Éç»áǶÈëʽ»î¶¯'¡£×î¹ã·º£¬ËûÃÇÈÏΪ£¬ÐèÒª¿¼Âǹ«Æ½ ÇþµÀºÍ»ú»á£¬¶ø²»½ö½öÊdzɼ¨»ò³É¾ÍµÄ½á¹ûƽµÈ¡£ ƽµÈ¹«ÕýµÄ½á¹û¿ÉÄÜÊÇÒ»×éѧÉú¶ø²»ÊÇÆäËû£¬ºÍ²»Æ½µÈ ½á¹û¿ÉÄÜÊÇ'¹«Æ½ºÍ¹«ÕýΪËùÓУ¨¼ûµÚ106Ò³£©¡£¼ªÆÕ˹ºÍ˹ÍаÍÌØÏêϸ ¶ÔËùÌÖÂ󵀮À¹À²¼Â޵¸»ÌØµÄÆðԴΪÖ÷ÌâµÄ'ǰÑÔ'£¬ ÔÚÉç»áÆÀ¹ÀÀ´É¸Ñ¡µÄ³öÏÖ£¬ÔÚÒ»¸ö¿ò¼Ü µ±Ê±ÈÏΪ¹«Æ½ºÍÍÆ¹ã¼ÛÖµ¡£ÕâЩÆðÔ´µÄÓ°Ïì ÆÀ¹À·¢Õ¹ºÍ³öÏÖµÄÐÄÀí·¶Ê½Í¨¹ý 20ÊÀ¼Í±»ÈÏΪÊÇÓëÉç»á¼ÙÉè»ù´¡²¢ÐÐ ÕâЩÊÂ̬·¢Õ¹ºÍÉç»á×ʱ¾£¬Ê¹ÐÔÄÜ¡£ËäÈ» ¶Ô'ÆÀ¹À'·¶Ê½µÄ·¢Õ¹±»¿´×÷ÊÇÒ»¸ö½ÌÓýµÄ»ØÓ¦ 20ÊÀ¼ÍµÄ¼ÆÁ¿Ä£Ê½±¾ÉíµÄ·¢Õ¹£¬ÕâÖÖ·¢Õ¹ ÊDz»ÊÇÉç»á»òÎÄ»¯ÖÐÁ¢¡£¼ªÆÕ˹ºÍ˹ÍаÍÌØpositµÄ¹«Æ½ ´ÓÉç»áÎÄ»¯½Ç¶È²ÅÄÜʵÏÖͨ¹ýн¨Éè ÓÐЧÐÔ¡£¾¹ý3¸öÀý×Ó£¬À´×Ô²»Í¬µÄÉç»á£¬ÎÄ»¯ºÍÆÀ¹À ±³¾°£¬×÷Õß±íÃ÷£¬¹«Æ½ºÍ¹«Õý£¬²»ÄܼÙÉ裬µ« ±ØÐëÈÏÕæ¼à²â£¬ÈÎºÎÆÀ¹ÀµÄ»·¾³¡£×îÖØÒªµÄÊÇ£¬ËûÃÇ ¿´µ½ÔÚÆÀ¹À¹«Æ½µÄ×·Ç󣬶ԸöÈ˵Ļú»á£¬×÷Ϊһ¸ö ÖØ´óºÍ³ÖÐøµÄÌôÕ½µÄ½ÌÓýÆÀ¹À¡£ÎÒÃÇÐèÒª¼ÌÐø ×÷³öÃ÷ÏÔµÄÆ«¼ûºÍ¼ÙÉ裬²¢±£³Ö¾¯¾õºÍÕþÖÎ ½«'Èç¹ûÎÒÃǵļÛֵΪËùÓÐÈ˹«Æ½µÄÄ¿±ê¡£ ËÕɺ²¼Â³¿Ë¹þÌØÌṩÁËÈ«Ãæ·ÖÎö¹ú¼ÊºÍ¹ú¼Ò ÆÀ¹ÀÊý¾Ý£¬ÔÚÐí¶à·½ÃæµÄÑо¿£¬Ñо¿³É¹ûµÄÑо¿ ÆÀ¹ÀƽµÈºÍÐÔ±ðµÄÓ°Ïì¡£Ò»¶¨£¬ËýµÄ·ÖÎöÊÇ»ùÓÚ Óñê×¼»¯µÄ´ëÊ©ºÍ½á¹ûµÄ£¬ÕâÖÖÑо¿£¬Í¬ÀàÐÍ ´ÓÑ¡ÔñÌâ¸ñʽ£¬À©Õ¹ÐÔÄܵȱê×¼ÆÀ¹À ÆÀ¹À¡£Ëýµ÷²éµÄ¿Î³Ì£¬°üÀ¨Ò»ÏµÁеĵ÷²é½á¹û Ó¢ÓÊýѧºÍ¿ÆÑ§£¬Îª²»Í¬ÄêÁä×é±ðµÄѧÉú¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬ ²¼Â³¿Ë¹þÌØµÄÌÖÂÛ²»½öÊDz»Í¬µÄ£¬ÒÔÈ·¶¨ÊÇ·ñÈ¡µÃ³É¹û ¿ÉÒÔÓëÒ»¸öѧÉúµÄÐԱ𣬶øÇÒÑо¿µÄÐÔÖÊ ÈÎºÎ·ÖÆç£¬ÎÞÂÛ²îÒìÊÇÓÉÓÚÁ½ÐÔÖ®¼äµÄÏ໥×÷Óà ѧÉúºÍÆÀ¹À¹ý³Ì£¨´ð°¸ËƺõÊÇ'²»'£©£¬ÈçºÎ ÕâЩ²îÒìµÄ½âÊͽÌÓý¡£Ëý¹ØÐĵÄÊÇʲôѧÉú ÕâÑùµÄ³É¾ÍºÍ±íÏÖ³öµÄ²»Í¬µÄ½ÌѧÎÊÌâ Ñо¿¡£²¼Â³¿Ë¹þÌØµÄ³õ²½·ÖÎö±íÃ÷£¬¾¡¹ÜÒ»Ö±Ó°ÏìÕÒµ½ ÔĶÁ£¬Æ«Ì»Äк¢Å®º¢£¬ÊýѧµÄÓ°Ï첻̫Çå³þ ÒÔ¼°Ò»¹á¶øÇҺܿÉÄÜÊÇÏà¹ØµÄ¿Î³ÌºÍ½Ìѧ·½·¨¡£Óе㠷¢ÏÖÀàËÆµÄ½á¹ûΪÆäËûµØÇø£¬ÌرðÊǵ±½á¹û½øÐÐÁË·ÖÎö ÓëÆäËûÈË¿ÚÊý¾Ý½áºÏʹÓá£ËƺõÓÐÒ»¸öÃ÷È·µÄÏ໥×÷Óà ÓëËùÆÀ¹ÀµÄ½¨É裬ѧÉúºÍÐÔ±ð³É¹ûµÄȺÌå¡£ ²¼Â³¿Ë¹þÌØÖ¸³ö£¬Èç¹û·¢ÏÖ²îÒ죬¸öÌå²îÒì¿ÉÒÔ¸ü ÖØÒª£º¸ö±ðÄк¢ºÍÅ®º¢£¬¸ö±ðѧУ¿ÉÄÜ»á·Ç³£²»Í¬ ´Óƽ¾ù'£¨µÚ125Ò³£©¡£Ëý×ܽáÌÖÂÛÓйØÎ´À´ ָʾ£¬ÒÔÈ·±£¹«Æ½µÄÆÀ¹ÀÈÏΪ£¬¸öÈ˵ÄÖØÒªÐÔ ÏîÄ¿¡£²»¹ý£¬Ëý×îºóµÄÏë·¨ºÍ½¨ÒéÌṩÁ˲»Í¬µÄÌôÕ½ µÄÆÀ¹ÀÑо¿£¬ºôÓõ¸ü¶àµÄÀí½â¾¼ÃºÍÎÄ»¯ ÔÚʵÏÖģʽ£¬Õâ¿ÉÄܸü¿É¸Ä±ä'£¨133Ò³£©¡£ µÂ²©À»ù¶÷ºÍÂõ¿Ë¶û°¢Éª-¿Àû¿¼ÂÇÆÀ¹ÀµÄÓ°Ïì ѧÉúË×ÜÊÇÔÚ½ÌÓýÑо¿Ìرð×¢Ò⣺ѧÉú ²Ð¼²¡£È»¶ø£¬ËûÃǵÄÌÖÂÛ£¬´Ó³à×ÖתÏò»°Óïģʽ ÓÐÏÞµÄÆÚÍûÕâЩѧÉúµÄÊÚȨģʽ£¬ÒÔͼ ·¢Õ¹ÃÜÇнáºÏÆðÀ´£¬Í¨¹ýÆÀ¹ÀÐÐΪ£¬±¾ÖÊÉϵÄÖ¸ÁîºÍ Ä¿±êÉèÖá£ÕâÖÖÆÀ¹ÀÊÇ·¢ÉúÔÚÒ»±³¾°µÄ±ä»¯ÊÇ'½¥½ø'£¬ µ«Èç¼ø¶¨µÄÓÐЧºÍÎÞЧµÄÖ¸ÁîºÍˮƽ ¶Ôÿ¸öѧÉúµÄ½ÌѧÐèÒªµÄÇ¿¶ÈÊÇÖÁ¹ØÖØÒªµÄ¡£»ù¶÷ºÍ °¢Éª-¿Àû¼ÌÐøÎÒÃǵŤ×÷Ö÷Ì⣬ËùÓиöÈ˶¼Äܹ»Ñ§Ï° ²¢ÓÐȨѧϰ»ú»á¡£ËûÃÇ×¢ÖØÓëѧÉú½Ó´¥ ѧϰ£¬ÒÔ¼°ÈçºÎÆÀ¹ÀÕâÖÖ²ÎÓ룬´øÀ´ÁËеIJãÃæÀ´¿¼ÂÇ ¶ÔÆÀ¹ÀÀíÂÛµÄÖ÷Á÷¹Ûµã¡£»ù¶÷ºÍ°¢Éª£¬¿Àû Ö§³Ö´Ó¾ÑéÊý¾ÝµÄÑо¿ÓëѧÉú»æ»ËûÃǵÄÂÛµã Óë×Ô±ÕÖ¢¡£ËüÃÇÃèÊöµÄ¿Î³ÌΪ»ù´¡µÄѧÉúÆÀ¼Û ²Ð¼²£¬¶ÔÀ´×ÔÃÀ¹úµÄÑо¿Öƶ¨¡£ËûÃÇ Ö¸³ö£¬'[Ò»]¶ÖÏÖÔÚÆÕ±éÈÏΪ£¬ÆÀ¹ÀºÍ¸ÉÔ¤ÊÇ×îºÃµÄ ÖØµãÊǾ¡Á¿·¢»Ó¸öÈËѧϰµÄѧÉúËùÈ¡µÃµÄ³É¹û£¬ ´ÓʵÁ¦½Ç¶È¿´'£¨142Ò³£©¡£»ù¶÷ºÍ°¢Éª£¬¿Àû¶Ô'´ó'µÄÎÊÌâ ÔÚËûÃÇµÄÆÀ¹Àµµ°¸£¬°üÀ¨ËûÃǵÄ×îºÃÖ§³ÖѧÉúºÍ ÖÕÉíѧϰ£¬Ìṩ¸ü¶àµÄ¶ÀÁ¢ÐÔ£¬°üÀ¨'ºÃÆæÐÄÄ¿±ê¡£ ¡£ ¡£ºÍ ×ÔÎÒʵÏÖ'£¨µÚ144Ò³£©ºÍÃܼ¯µÄ¿Î³Ì¹æ»®±ØÒªµÄ Óë²Ð¼²Ñ§Éú¡£ |
7Â¥2009-11-13 10:10:37
zgfonline
ľ³æ (ÖøÃûдÊÖ)
- Ó¦Öú: 0 (Ó×¶ùÔ°)
- ½ð±Ò: 6225.9
- É¢½ð: 666
- ɳ·¢: 3
- Ìû×Ó: 2222
- ÔÚÏß: 177.2Сʱ
- ³æºÅ: 645666
- ×¢²á: 2008-11-04
- רҵ: ¹ÜÀíÐÄÀíѧ

8Â¥2009-11-13 10:27:36














»Ø¸´´ËÂ¥