±±¾©Ê¯ÓÍ»¯¹¤Ñ§Ôº2026ÄêÑо¿ÉúÕÐÉú½ÓÊÕµ÷¼Á¹«¸æ
²é¿´: 681  |  »Ø¸´: 7
µ±Ç°Ö÷ÌâÒѾ­´æµµ¡£

sunyichong

ľ³æ (ÖøÃûдÊÖ)

´¿´¿¼Ò×åÖ®¡°È붨¡±

[½»Á÷] 150BBÇóÖú·­Ò루½ØÖÁµ½11ÔÂ14ÈÕ£©

·¢µÄƪ·ùµÄÈ·±È½Ï³¤£¬µ«Ï£Íû¸÷λ³æÓÑÄܹ»°ï°ïæ
ÉùÃ÷ÇëÄú²»ÒªÄÃÁé¸ñ˹»ògoogle·­ÒëµÄ¶«Î÷¸øÎÒ
ÌáǰллºÃÐĵÄÈË

Gunther Kress starts his discussion with the proposition that ¡®dealing with learning
and assessment invokes theories of communication and meaning¡¯ (see page 19).
He challenges readers to consider how to recognise learning and the data or evidence
that would count, showing that learning has occurred. Through his probing of these
two issues, Kress focuses on the notions of learning in specific contexts and how the
making of meaning, sign and concept relate to context.
Working from the perspective of a semiotic theory of learning, Kress presents
the case for new principles of recognition of learning that challenge the traditional
dominance of the linguistic modes of speech and writing. His chapter calls into
question how these modes have been given pre-eminence and provokes a conscious
attempt at recognising meaning-making and learning in all modes. The powerful
message from Kress is that ¡®what is not recognised will not and cannot be assessed¡¯,
leading to what he refers to as ¡®severe misrecognition of learners¡¯ capacities and
actions¡¯ (see page 38).
Any discussion of assessment for the future must necessarily encompass the
issue of technology. The relationship between technology and assessment can
have many forms: technology as a tool to undertake traditional forms of assessment;
the interplay of the impact of technology on assessment; assessment of
technology in education; and new views as to how assessment is shaped when
technology is assumed as a 21st-century focus. Randy Bennett and Drew Gitomer
provide an exhilarating perspective of the way in which assessment should be construed
in a technologically driven world¡ªthe world that is already around us in
the 21st century. Bennett and Gitomer link technological advances to advances
in understanding individuals and the nature of learning. They challenge current
accountability agendas to be more informed and informing. Their challenge involves
the incorporation of cognitive science developments, developments in psychometric
measurement approaches and technological developments that allow presentation of
¡®richer assessment tasks¡¯ with some automation of ¡®scoring¡¯ (see page 43). Bennett
and Gitomer commence by contextualising their thoughts in the United States¡¯ educational
context, concerns about quality and equality of educational experiences for
all students and the limited educational value of consequent accountability agendas
for student improvement. However, as we note for other chapters, the United
States¡¯ experiences and policy preoccupations, rightly or wrongly, are not theirs
alone. Bennett and Gitomer challenge themselves to create a better accountability
system that is modern, informed by good assessment practices and educationally
of value, allowing monitoring of student progress to inform and enhance student
learning. Their proposed solution encompasses the themes that emerged independently
from so many of our authors¡ªconcerns that assessment should be able to
identify individual strengths and weaknesses with customised reports for different
audiences, should be based in some theory of learning and development, should
provide authentic and meaningful engagement for students, should recognise the
social and cultural nature of learning and knowledge and should be supported by
professional development and assessment-cued teachers. It is in the final enactment
of their solution that technology becomes a central support.
Glenn Finger and Romina Jamieson-Proctor also examine assessment through
the lens of technology¡ªnot just the application of technology as a form of assessment,
but also the issues relating to assessment of learning in the area of information
and communications technologies (ICTs), the interaction of assessment forms and
the nature of ICT knowledge. Agreeing with Bennett and Gitomer, and Finger and
Jamieson-Proctor, we take as given that technology and technological developments
will be major influences on the directions that education and assessment will take in
the 21st century. If they are not, then the outcome will be an education of students
constructed by adults that is an anachronism in the modern world. The technological
changes to come cannot be envisaged, just as the technological resources
available to children at this time are beyond the dreams of the mid-20th century.
However, understanding the nature of knowledge in ICT contexts and the import
for teaching, learning and assessment are relatively new educational endeavours.
Finger and Jamieson-Proctor explore this issue for teachers from the perspective of
TPCK¡ªtechnological pedagogical content knowledge¡ªbuilding on the pedagogical
theories of Shulman (1987). They provide examples of ICT use for assessment,
such as development of ePortfolios for students. As this chapter demonstrates, the
opportunities are limited only by our own capacity to engage with the technologies
afforded. Finger and Jamieson-Proctor argue that it is important for assessment
schema to go beyond a focus on the knowledge that students have of technologies to
¡®how students are able to use ICT for learning in a range of curriculum contexts¡¯ and
how such use facilitates the ¡®development of creative, complex and critical thinking¡¯
(page 67). Finger and Jamieson-Proctor provide a comprehensive examination of the
current state of the art in learning with, and assessment of, ICT and the many tools
already available to teachers and emerging innovations. Most importantly, they identify
that the challenge for the future will be teachers maintaining ICT proficiency at
the same rate as students and the need for educators to have ¡®a strong understanding
of how students are learning in the 21st century¡¯ (page 78).
Claire Wyatt-Smith and Stephanie Gunn explore the need for theoretical
underpinnings to assessment in the 21st century, given the range of purposes and
activities being implemented. They argue that an approach to assessment as
¡®meaning-making¡¯ (Delandshere & Petrosky, 1998) provides a way to examine and
shape assessment purposes and practices. Wyatt-Smith and Gunn support their theoretical
propositions with empirical evidence collected during research conducted
in Queensland, Australia. The assessment system of Queensland for accreditation
in the senior years of schooling, using teacher judgment, has been internationally
known for 30 years. Wyatt-Smith and Gunn explore enactments of such approaches
in the earlier years of schooling and explore the ways in which such judgments
are made: the dynamics between social contexts and teacher expectations in shaping
judgments and the contexts of increasing external accountability demands and
influence on classroom practices. While the discussion is set in Queensland and
Australia, these contexts have clear international generalisability. Drawing on arguments
about the import of these for issues of student equity and the need to address
the diversity of students,Wyatt-Smith and Gunn emphasise the need for evidence as
an underpinning essential element in assessment. However, such evidence itself is
part of the sociocultural context of educational enactments. Wyatt-Smith and Gunn
elaborate four ¡®lenses¡¯ to explore assessment as meaning-making, applying them as
a framework to explore the empirical evidence from their research. As the exploration
unfolds, implications not only for assessment theory and practice but also for
teacher professionalism and assessment cultures emerge. This chapter shows that
as we have moved into the 21st century with enhanced expectations of the role of
assessment to improve learning, we need to move further with our expectations of
our own understandings of the theory of assessment itself.
Another broad theme identified by the authors in this book was the consideration
of a range of assessment issues we characterise as ¡®Building social capital:
Difference, diversity and social inclusion¡¯. An underlying theme in these chapters,
by Caroline Gipps and Gordon Stobart, Susan Brookhart, Deb Keen and Michael
Arthur-Kelly, and Joy Cumming, is the effect of assessment on students¡¯ demonstration
of achievement and the interaction of assessment and student. Again, these
concerns have been examined from a range of perspectives: equity issues for individual
students in the pursuit of best educational opportunities for all; equity issues
through the examination of available national and international standardised test
data; equity issues and new ways of enhancing assessment practices with students
with disabilities; and assessment and equity issues as they emerge from law.
Caroline Gipps and Gordon Stobart address the issue of fairness in assessment,
moving from technical definitions of ¡®fairness¡¯ to conceptions of fairness that consider
the contexts of assessment and social and cultural issues¡ªassessment as a
¡®socially embedded activity¡¯. Most broadly, they argue that fairness needs to consider
access and opportunity, not just equality of scores or achievement outcomes.
Equal outcomes may be fair to one group of students but not to another, and unequal
outcomes may be ¡®fair and just¡¯ for all (see page 106). Gipps and Stobart elaborate
the theme of the origins of assessment discussed by Broadfoot in the ¡®Foreword¡¯,
the emergence of assessment in society for selection purposes, within a framework
at the time considered fair and promoting merit. The influence of these origins on
assessment development and the emergence of the psychometric paradigm through
the 20th century are considered in parallel with the social assumptions that underpin
these developments and the social capital that enables performance. While the
development of the ¡®assessment¡¯ paradigm was seen as an educational response to
the measurement paradigm development of the 20th century, in itself this development
is not socially or culturally neutral. Gipps and Stobart posit that fairness
from a sociocultural perspective can only be achieved through new constructions
of validity. Through three examples from different social, cultural and assessment
contexts, the authors demonstrate that fairness and equity cannot be assumed, but
must be carefully monitored in any assessment environment. Most importantly, they
see the pursuit of fairness in assessment, and opportunity for the individual, as a
major and ongoing challenge for educational assessment. We need to continue to
make apparent biases and assumptions and to maintain vigilance and the ¡®political
will¡¯ if we value a goal of fairness for all.
Susan Brookhart provides a comprehensive analysis of international and national
assessment data and research study outcomes across many dimensions to examine
assessment equity and gender effects. Necessarily, her analyses are based on the
standardised measures used in, and outcomes from, such studies, with the types
of standardised assessments ranging from multiple-choice formats to extended performance
assessments. She investigates findings for a range of curricula, including
English, mathematics and science, and for different student age groups. However,
Brookhart¡¯s discussion is not just to identify whether different achievement outcomes
can be related to the gender of a student, but also to examine the nature of
any differences, whether differences are due to an interaction between the gender of
a student and an assessment process (the answer appears to be ¡®no¡¯) and how any
such differences are interpreted by educators. Her concern is with what students can
do and the pedagogical implications for differences demonstrated by achievement
studies. Brookhart¡¯s initial analyses show that while consistent effects are found
for reading, favouring girls over boys, the effects for mathematics are less clear
and consistent and are likely to be curriculum and pedagogy related. Somewhat
similar outcomes are found for other areas, particularly when results are analysed
in conjunction with other demographic data. There appears to be a clear interaction
between the construct being assessed, the groups of students and gender outcomes.
Brookhart notes that where differences are found, individual variation can be more
significant: ¡®individual boys and girls, and individual schools, may be very different
from the average¡¯ (page 125). Her concluding discussion regarding future
directions to ensure equity in assessment considers the importance of individual
items. However, her final thoughts and recommendations offer a different challenge
to assessment research, calling for more understanding of ¡®economic and cultural
patterns in achievement, which may be more amenable to change¡¯ (page 133).
Deborah Keen and Michael Arthur-Kelly consider the implications of assessment
for students who have always had specific attention in education research: students
with disability. However, their discussion shifts the discourse from a deficit model
of limited expectations for these students to an empowering model in order to chart
progress through acts of assessment tied closely and intrinsically to instruction and
goal setting. Such assessment is occurring in a context in which change is ¡®incremental¡¯,
but where identification of effective and ineffective instruction and the level
of intensity of instruction needed for each individual student are critical. Keen and
Arthur-Kelly continue the theme of our work that all individuals are able to learn
and are entitled to learning opportunities. Their focus on student engagement with
learning, and ways to assess such engagement, brings a new dimension to considerations
of assessment theory from mainstream perspectives. Keen and Arthur-Kelly
support their argument by drawing on empirical data from research with students
with autistic spectrum disorder. They describe curriculum-based assessment for students
with disability, drawing on research originating in the United States. They
state that ¡®t is now generally agreed that assessment and intervention are best
focused on maximising the individual learning outcomes achieved by the student,
from a strengths perspective¡¯ (page 142). Keen and Arthur-Kelly pose ¡®big¡¯ questions
in their assessment profiles, including the ¡®best support¡¯ for students and
life-long learning, with goals including ¡®curiosity, increased independence . . . and
self-actualisation¡¯ (page 144) and the intensive curriculum planning necessary to
work with students with disability.

» ²ÂÄãϲ»¶

ÈËÍâÓÐÈË ÌìÍâÓÐÌì
ÒÑÔÄ   »Ø¸´´ËÂ¥   ¹Ø×¢TA ¸øTA·¢ÏûÏ¢ ËÍTAºì»¨ TAµÄ»ØÌû

ÎÞè¦

½ð³æ (ÕýʽдÊÖ)

¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ¡ï ...
sunyichong(½ð±Ò+150,VIP+0):Ê®·Ö¸Ðл 11-15 12:25
Gunther KressÊÇ´ÓÕâ¸öÃüÌ⿪ʼÌÖÂ۵ģº¶ÔѧϰÓëÆÀ¹ÀµÄÑо¿ÒýÆðµÄһϵÁд«²¥Ñ§ºÍÒâÒåÀíÂÛ¡£ËûÏò¶ÁÕßÌá³öÌôÕ½£ºÈçºÎʶ±ðѧϰ¼°ÆäÏà¹ØÊý¾Ý´Ó¶ø´ïµ½±íÃ÷ѧϰÒѾ­·¢Éú£¿¾¡¹ÜËû¶ÔÕâÁ½¸öÎÊÌâ½øÐÐÁËÑо¿£¬µ«ÊÇËû°ÑÖ÷Òª¾«Á¦·ÅÔÚÁËÌØ¶¨±³¾°ÏµÄѧϰÒÔ¼°ÒâÒå¡¢·ûºÅºÍ¸ÅÄîµÄ¹¹³ÉÈçºÎÓë´ËÌØ¶¨µÄ±³¾°Ïà¹Ø¡£´ÓѧϰµÄ¼ÇºÅѧÀíÂÛ³ö·¢£¬ËûÌá³öÁËеÄʶ±ðѧϰµÄÔ­Àí£¬Õâ¸ö·½·¨ÏòÒÔ½²ÑÝÓë¼Ç¼Ϊģ°åµÄ´«Í³ÓïÑÔѧģʽ·¢³öÁËÌôÕ½¡£±¾ÕÂÌá³öÁËÈçºÎʹÕâЩģʽÌáǰ¸ø¶¨²¢ÒýÆðÁËÔÚ¸÷ÖÖģʽÏÂÄܹ»Ê¶±ðÒâÒåÉú³É¼°Ñ§Ï°³É¹ûµÄÓûÍû¡£´ÓËûÕâ¶ùµÃµ½µÄÐÅÏ¢¾ÍÊDz»Äܱ»Ê¶±ðµÄ½«²»»áÒ²²»Äܱ»ÆÀ¹À¡£Õ⽫µ¼ÖÂËûÌáµ½µÄÈç¶ÁÕßÑÏÖØµÄÎóÅÐÄÜÁ¦ÓëÐÐΪµÄÊÂÇé¡£ÈκζÔδÀ´µÄÆÀ¹À±Ø¶¨Éæ¼°µ½¼¼ÊõÎÊÌâ¡£¼¼ÊõÓëÆÀ¹ÀµÄÏ໥¹ØÏµÓÐÈçϼ¸ÖÖÐÎʽ£º1¡¢¿Æ¼¼×÷ΪһÖֿɱ£Ö¤´«Í³ÆÀ¹À½øÐеŤ¾ß£»2¡¢¿Æ¼¼Ëù´øÀ´µÄÓ°ÏìÓëÆÀ¹ÀµÄÏ໥×÷Óã»3¡¢½ÌÓý¼¼ÊõµÄÆÀ¹À£»4¡¢µ±¿Æ¼¼×÷ΪÁË21ÊÀ¼ÍµÄ½¹µãʱÈçºÎ½øÐÐÆÀ¹ÀµÄÐÂÖ÷ÕÅ¡£
Randy BennettºÍDrew GitomerÌá³öÁËÒ»¸öÁîÈËÐ˷ܵÄÊӽǣ¬¼´ÆÀ¹ÀÈçºÎÔÚÈç½ñÒԿƼ¼ÎªÉú²úÁ¦µÄ21ÊÀ¼Í±»·ÖÎö¡£ËûÃǽ«¼¼Êõ½ø²½Óë¶Ô¸öÌå¼°ÆäѧϰÐÔÖʵÄÀí½âµÄ·¢Õ¹½áºÏÆðÀ´¡£ËûÃÇÈÏΪµ±Ç°µÄ³É¼¨¸ºÔðÖÆÒé³ÌÓ¦¸Ã¾ßÓиü¶à¸üÓÐÒâÒåµÄÐÅÏ¢¡£ËûÃÇÌá³öµÄÕâ¸öÌôÕ½´øÀ´ÁËÈÏÖª¿ÆÑ§µÄ·¢Õ¹¡¢ÐÄÀí²âÊÔ·½·¨µÄ·¢Õ¹ÒÔ¼°¿Æ¼¼µÄ½ø²½£¬´Ó¶øÓÐÀûÓÚ³öÏÖ°éËæ×Ô¶¯µÃ·ÖµÄ¸ü·á¸»µÄÆÀ¹ÀÈÎÎñ¡£ËûÃÇ´Ó°Ñ×Ô¼ºµÄÏà¹ØË¼ÏëͶÈëµ½ÃÀ¹ú½ÌÓý´ó±³¾°Ï¿ªÊ¼×ÅÊÖ£¬¹ØÐÄ£¬¶ÔÓÚËùÓÐѧÉú¶øÑÔѧϰ¾­ÀúÒÔ¼°£¬¶ÔÓÚѧÉúÌá¸ßÀ´Ëµ³É¼¨¸ºÔðÖÆÒé³ÌÓÐÏ޵ĽÌÓý¼ÛÖµµÄÖÊÁ¿ÓëÆ½µÈ¡£
µ«ÊÇ£¬´ÓÆäËûÕ½ڿÉÒÔÁ˽⵽£¬ÃÀ¹úµÄ½ÌÓý¾­ÀúÓëÕþ²ß¹Ø×¢£¬ÎÞÂÛÕýÈ·»¹ÊÇ´íÎ󣬶¼²»ÊǶÀÁ¢´æÔڵġ£ËûÃǼ¤Àø×Ô¼º´´Ôì³öÒ»¸ö¸üºÃµÄÏÖ´ú³É¼¨¸ºÔðϵͳ£¬¿ÉÒÔ¸ø³öºÃµÄÆÀ¹Àʵ¼ù£¬´Ó¶øÓÐÀûÓÚ¼à²âѧÉúµÄѧϰ½øÕ¹²¢Ìá¸ßѧÉúµÄѧϰ³É¼¨¡£ËûÃǵÄÕâÒ»³õ²½ÀíÄî°üº¬ÁËÏÂÊöÄÚÈÝ£º1¡¢ÆÀ¹ÀÓ¦¸ÃÄܹ»È·¶¨²»Í¬¸öÌåµÄÓÅȱµã£»2¡¢ÆÀ¹ÀÓ¦¸Ã½¨Á¢ÔÚѧϰ·¢Õ¹ÀíÂ۵Ļù´¡ÉÏ£»3¡¢ÆÀ¹ÀÓ¦¸ÃÌá¹©ÕæÊµ¿É¿¿ÓÐÒâÒåµÄ±£Ö¤£»4¡¢ÆÀ¹ÀÓ¦¸Ã¿ÉÒÔʶ±ð³öѧϰ³É¼¨Óë֪ʶµÄÉç»áÓëÎÄ»¯ÐÔÖÊ£»5¡¢ÆÀ¹ÀÓ¦¸ÃµÃµ½Ö°Òµ·¢Õ¹µÄÖ§³ÖºÍÆÀ¹Àר¼ÒµÄ¿Ï¶¨¡£
Glenn Finger ºÍRomina Jamieson-ProctorÒ²´Ó¼¼Êõ½Ç¶È¿¼ºËÁËÆÀ¹ÀÖÆ¶È¡£¸Ã½Ç¶È²»½öÊÇÖ¸×÷ΪÆÀ¹ÀÐÎʽµÄ¼¼ÊõµÄÓ¦Ó㬻¹°üÀ¨ÒÔÏÂÏà¹ØÎÊÌ⣺1¡¢ÐÅϢͨÐż¼ÊõÁìÓòÄÚµÄѧϰÆÀ¹À£»2¡¢²»Í¬ÆÀ¹ÀÐÎʽ¼äµÄÏ໥ӰÏìÒÔ¼°ÐÅϢͨÐż¼Êõ֪ʶ±¾ÖÊ¡£ÎÒÃÇÒ²ÈÏΪÕýÈçǰËùÊö£¬¿Æ¼¼ÓëÆä½ø²½½«»áÔÚδÀ´½ÌÓýºÍ¿Æ¼¼Êܵ½»¶Ó­µÄ21ÊÀ¼ÍÀï³ÉΪÖ÷ÒªµÄÓ°ÏìÁ¦¡£Èç¹ûÓëÉÏÊö²»·ûºÏ£¬ÄÇô½«µÃµ½Ò»ÖÖÓɸ¸Ä¸Ç¿ÖƵIJ»·ûºÏµ±´úʱ´úÌØµãµÄ½ÌÓý½á¹û¡£¼¼Êõ±ä»¯²»Äܱ»ÕýÊÓ£¬¾ÍÏñ¶ÔÓÚº¢×ÓÃÇÀ´Ëµ20ÊÀ¼ÍÖкóÆÚ¿ÉÓõļ¼Êõ×ÊÔ´ÒѾ­³¬¹ýÁËÄÇʱµÄÃÎÏë¡£¾¡¹ÜÈç´Ë£¬µ«ÊÇÔÚÀí½âÁËÐÅϢͨÐż¼Êõ±³¾°ÏÂÒÔ¼°½ÌѧÊä³öµÄ֪ʶ±¾Öʺó£¬Ñ§Ï°ÓëÆÀ¹ÀÖÆ¶È½«³ÉΪÏà¶ÔеĽÌÓýʵ¼ù»î¶¯¡£ËûÃǶþÈ˴ӿƼ¼½ÌÓýÄÚÈݵÄ֪ʶµÄ½Ç¶ÈÑо¿Õâ¸öÎÊÌ⣬²¢½¨Á¢ÔÚËÕ¶ûÂüµÄ½ÌÓýѧÀíÂ۵Ļù´¡ÉÏ¡£ËûÃÇÌṩÁËʹÓÃÐÅϢͨÐż¼ÊõµÄÀý×Ó£¬±ÈÈçѧÉúµÄµç×Óµµ°¸´üµÄ·¢Õ¹¡£ÕýÈç±¾ÕÂËùÊö£¬»ú»áÊܵ½ÁËÎÒÃÇ×Ô¼º¿ÉʹÓÿÆÑ§¼¼ÊõµÄÄÜÁ¦µÄÏÞÖÆ¡£ËûÃÇÈÏΪ¶ÔÓÚÆÀ¹ÀÌåϵÀ´Ëµ£¬ÕâÒ»µãÊÇÖØÒªµÄ£¬¼´ÎÒÃÇÓ¦¸ÃÔ½¹ýÓµÓеĿƼ¼ÖªÊ¶±¾Éí£¬È¥¹Ø×¢Ó¦¸ÃÈçºÎʹÓÃÐÅϢͨÐż¼ÊõÒÔ¼°ÈçºÎʹÓô´ÔìÐÔ¡¢¸´ÔÓµÄ˼ά·½Ê½µÄ±ãÀû¡£ËûÃÇÌṩÁËÒ»¸ö¶ÔÏÖÓÐʹÓÃÐÅϢͨÐż¼Êõ¼°ÆäËûÐí¶à¿É¿¿¹¤¾ß½øÐÐѧϰµÄ·½·¨£¬ÒÔ¼°Î´À´½«³öÏֵĸ÷ÖָĸïµÄ×ÛºÏÈ«ÃæµÄ¿¼²é¡£¸üÎªÖØÒªµÄÊÇ£¬ËûÃÇÖ¸³öÁËδÀ´ËùÃæÁٵľ޴óÌôÕ½ÊǽÌʦÐèÒÔÏàͬµÄËÙ¶È£¨ÓëѧÉúÏà±È£©ÊìÁ·ÕÆÎÕÐÅϢͨÐż¼Êõ£¬ÒÔ¼°½ÌÓý¹¤×÷ÕßÓбØÒªÁ˽âѧÉúÔÚ21ÊÀ¼ÍÕýÔÚÈçºÎѧϰ¡£
ÔÚ¸ø¶¨±»¹á³¹Ä¿±ê¼°Ó¦Óû·¶Î§ÄÚ£¬Claire Wyatt-SmithºÍStephanie Gunn Ñо¿ÁË21ÊÀ¼ÍÆÀ¹ÀÀíÂÛ»ù´¡¡£ËûÃÇÈÏΪ×÷ΪÒâÒåÉú³ÉµÄÆÀ¹À·½·¨ÌṩÁËÒ»ÖÖ¿¼ºËÆÀ¹ÀÄ¿µÄ¼°Êµ¼ù²¢Ê¹Ö®³ÉÐεķ½Ê½¡£Wyatt-SmithºÍGunn ͨ¹ýÔÚ°Ä´óÀûÑÇÀ¥Ê¿À¼ÖݽøÐеÄÑо¿Ö¤¾ÝÀ´Ö§³ÖClaireËûÃǵÄÀíÂÛÉèÏë¡£°Ä´óÀûÑÇÀ¥Ê¿À¼ÖݵÄѧУ¸ßÄê¼¶ÈÏ¿ÉÆÀ¹ÀÌåϵÊÇÀûÓýÌʦÅжÏÀ´½øÐеģ¬ÒѾ­ÔÚ¹ú¼ÊÉÏÏíÓÐÊ¢ÃûÈýÊ®ÄêÁË¡£ËûÃÇÑо¿Á˸ÃѧУÔçÆÚµÄ´ËÖÖÆÀ¹ÀÖÆ¶È£¬Í¬Ê±»¹Ñо¿ÁËʵʩ´Ë°ì·¨µÄ·½Ê½£ºÔÚÒѳÉÐÎµÄÆÀ¹ÀÌåϵÒÔ¼°¶Ô¿ÎÌýÌѧÖð½¥¼ÓÉîÓ°ÏìµÄÍⲿ³É¼¨±¨¸æÒªÇóºÍÓ°ÏìÁ¦Ï£¬Éç»á»·¾³Óë½ÌʦÆÚÍûÖ®¼äµÄ¶¯Ì¬±ä»¯¡£¾¡¹ÜÕⲿ·ÖÑо¿ÌÖÂÛÊÇÔÚ°Ä´óÀûÑǵÄÀ¥Ê¿À¼ÖݽøÐе쬵«ÊÇÕâЩ»·¾³¾ßÓÐÃ÷ÏԵĹú¼ÊÊÊÓ¦ÐÔ£¨µäÐÍÐÔ£©¡£ÀûÓÃÑо¿ÓйØÑ§Éú¹«Æ½ÎÊÌâºÍѧÉú²îÒìµÄ±ØÒªÐÔµÈÎÊÌâËùµÃµ½µÄ½á¹û£¬ËûÃÇÇ¿µ÷Ö¸³öÁËÑо¿×÷ΪÆÀ¹ÀÌåϵ»ù´¡ÔªËصÄÖ¤¾ÝµÄ±ØÒªÐÔ¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬ÕâЩ֤¾Ý×ÔÉí¾ÍÊǽÌÓýÖÆ¶ÈÏÂÉç»áÎÄ»¯»·¾³µÄÒ»²¿·Ö¡£ËûÃÇÏêϸ²ûÊöÁËÑо¿ÆÀ¹ÀÒâÒåÉú³ÉÌåϵµÄËĸö¡°¾µ×Ó¡±£¬Ó¦ÓÃËüÃÇ×÷ΪÑо¿ÊµÑéÖ¤¾ÝµÄÒ»¸ö¿ò¼Ü¡£µ±Ñо¿Õ¹¿ªºó£¬ÕâÑùµÄÒâÒå¾Í³öÏÖÁË£º¼È¶ÔÆÀ¹ÀÀíÂÛÓëʵ¼ùÓÐ×÷Ó㬶øÇÒ¶ÔÀÏʦרҵÐÔºÍÆÀ¹ÀÎÄ»¯ÓÐÓ°Ïì¡£±¾ÕÂ˵Ã÷Á˵±ÎÒÃǽøÈëÕâ¸ö¶ÔÌá¸ßѧϰµÄÆÀ¹ÀÌåϵҪÇóÔ½À´Ô½¸ßµÄ21ÊÀ¼ÍµÄʱºò£¬ÎÒÃǾÍÓбØÒªÔö¼Ó×ÔÉí¶ÔÆÀÂÛÀíÂÛ±¾ÉíµÄÀí½â¡£
±¾ÊéÖÐ×÷ÕßÌáµ½µÄÁíÒ»¸ö½Ï¿í·ºµÄÂÛµã¾ÍÊǰÑÎÒÃÇÃèÊöΪ½¨ÉèÉç»á×ʱ¾£¨±ÈÈç²îÒìÐÔ¡¢¶àÔª»¯ÒÔ¼°Éç»á±¡Èõ»·½Ú£©µÄһϵÁÐÆÀ¹ÀÎÊÌâÄÉÈ뿼ÂÇ·¶Î§ÄÚ¡£Caroline Gipps µÈÈËÔÚÕâЩÕ½ÚÖÐÌáµ½µÄÏà¹ØÖ÷Ìâis ÆÀ¹ÀÌåϵ¶ÔѧÉú³É¼¨ËµÃ÷µÄÓ°ÏìÒÔ¼°ËüÃǶþÕßµÄÏ໥¹ØÏµ¡£¶øÇÒ£¬ÕâЩµ£ÓÇÒѾ­´ÓÒÔϽǶȽøÐÐÁË¿¼²é£º1¡¢Ã¿¸öѧÉú×·Çó×îºÃµÄ½ÌÓý»ú»áµÄ¹«Æ½ÎÊÌ⣻2¡¢Í¨¹ý¸÷ÖÖ¹úÄÚ¼°¹ú¼Ê¼äµÄ±ê×¼»¯²âÊÔÊý¾Ý½øÐп¼ºËµÄ¹«Æ½ÎÊÌ⣻3¡¢¶ÔÓÐѧϰÕϰ­µÄѧÉúÌá¸ßÆÀ¹Àʵ¼ùµÄ¹«Æ½ÎÊÌ⼰з½·¨£»4¡¢ËæÖ®¶ø²úÉúµÄ·¨ÂÉÉÏµÄÆÀ¹À¼°¹«Æ½ÎÊÌâ¡£ËûÃÇÌá³öÆÀ¹ÀÌåϵÖеĹ«Æ½ÎÊÌâÓ¦¸Ã´Óµ¥Ò»¹«Æ½¼¼Êõ¶¨Òå½Ç¶È¿¼ÂÇ×ªÒÆµ½°ÑÆÀ¹ÀÄÚÈݼ°ÆäÓëÉç»áÎÄ»¯ÎÊÌâ¹ØÏµ×÷ΪǶÈëʽµÄÉç»á»î¶¯µÄ˼Ïë½Ç¶È¡£¸ü¹ã·ºÀ´Ëµ£¬ËûÃÇÈÏΪ¹«Æ½¹«ÕýÐèÒª¿¼ÂÇ·ÃÎÊÓë»ú»áµÄƽµÈÐÔ£¬²»½ö½öÖ»Êdzɼ¨Êä³öµÄƽµÈÐÔ¡£Æ½µÈµÄ½á¹û¿ÉÄܶÔÓÚijЩѧÉúÀ´ËµÊǹ«Æ½µÄ£¬µ«ÊǶÔÓÚÁíÒ»²¿·ÖÀ´ËµÈ´²»Æ½µÈ£»È»¶ø²»Æ½µÈµÄ½á¹û¿ÉÄܶÔÓÚËùÓеÄѧÉúÀ´Ëµ¶¼Êǹ«Æ½Ó빫ÕýµÄ¡£ËûÃÇÏêϸ˵Ã÷ÁËÒÔϼ¸¸öÖ÷Ì⣺1¡¢µÂ¸£ÌØÔÚǰÑÔÖÐËùÌÖÂ󵀮À¹ÀµÄÆðÔ´ÎÊÌ⣻2¡¢ÎªÁ˲»Í¬Ñ¡ÔñÐÔÄ¿µÄ£¬ÔÚÒ»¶¨µÄÉç»á½á¹¹ÖУ¬ÔÚºÏÀíµÄʱºò³öÏֵįÀ¹ÀµÄ²úÉúÎÊÌ⣻3¡¢´Ù½ø¹«Æ½¼ÛÖµµÄÎÊÌâ¡£Ëæ×ÅһЩÉç»á¼ÙÏ루¸Ã¼ÙÏëÓÃÓÚÖ§³ÖÆÀ¹ÀÖÆ¶ÈµÄ·¢Õ¹ÒÔ¼°Ê¹´ËÖÆ¶È˳ÀûÔËÐеÄÉç»á×ʱ¾£©µÄ³öÏÖ£¬¶ÔÆÀ¹ÀÌåϵ·¢Õ¹ÓÐ×ÅÓ°ÏìµÄÆðÔ´µÄÓ°ÏìÁ¦£¬ÒÔ¼°20ÊÀ¼ÍÐÄÀí²âÊÔģʽµÄ³öÏÖ£¬Òѱ»ÁÐÈëÑо¿¿¼ÂÇ·¶Î§ÄÚÁË¡£¾¡¹ÜÆÀ¹ÀģʽµÄ·¢Õ¹±»¿´×÷¶þÊ®ÊÀ¼Í½ÌÓýºâÁ¿Ä£Ê½·¢Õ¹µÄÓ¦´ð£¬µ«ÊÇËü×ÔÉíÔÚÉç»áÎÄ»¯Éϲ¢²»¾ßÓÐÖÐÁ¢ÐÔ¡£ËûÃÇÈÏΪ´ÓÉç»áÎÄ»¯½Ç¶È̸Â۵Ĺ«Æ½ÎÊÌâ½ö½öÖ»ÄÜͨ¹ýеÄÓÐЧ½á¹¹À´»ñµÃ¡£×÷Õßͨ¹ýÈý¸ö²»Í¬µÄÉç»áÎÄ»¯ÏÂµÄÆÀ¹À»·¾³½øÐÐ˵Ã÷Á˹«Æ½ÓëÆ½µÈ²»ÊǺ㶨µÄ£¬¶øÊÇÐèÒªÔÚÿһ¸öÆÀ¹À»·¾³ÏÂ×Ðϸ·ÖÎö²ÅÄܵõ½µÄ¡£¸üÖØÒªµÄÊÇ£¬ËûÃǰÑ×·ÇóÆÀ¹ÀÖÆ¶ÈµÄ¹«Æ½ÐÔÒÔ¼°¸öÌåµÄ»ú»á¿´×÷Ò»Ïî½ÌÓýÆÀ¹ÀÌåϵµÄÖ÷Òª²¢ÇÒ³ÖÐøµÄÌôÕ½¡£ÎÒÃÇÓбØÒª¼ÌÐø¹À¼ÆÃ÷ÏÔµÄÆ«¼ûºÍ¼Ù¶¨£¬²¢¼ÌÐøÎ¬³Ö¾¯¾õºÍÕþÖÎÒâÖ¾¡£
Susan BrookhartÌṩÁËÒ»ÖÖ½ÏÈ«ÃæµÄ·ÖÎö·½·¨£¬·ÖÎö¹ú¼ÊÓë¹úÄÚ¶àÒòËØ¿¼²éÑо¿µÄÆÀ¹ÀÌåϵµÄÊý¾Ý£¬´Ó¶øÑéÖ¤´ËÖÆ¶ÈµÄ¹«Æ½ÐÔºÍÐÔ±ðЧӦ¡£ËýµÄ·ÖÎöÒ»¶¨Êǽ¨Á¢ÔÚÉÏÊöµ÷²éÑо¿µÄ½á¹ûºÍ±ê×¼»¯´ëÊ©µÄ»ù´¡Éϵ쬾ßÓжàÖÖÀàÐ͵ıê×¼»¯ÆÀ¹Àģʽ¡£Ëý´Ó²»Í¬µÄѧ¿Æ£¬±ÈÈçÓ¢Óï¡¢Êýѧ¡¢×ÔÈ»¿ÆÑ§£¬´Ó²»Í¬µÄÄêÁä×é±ðÖУ¬µ÷²é·¢ÏÖ¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬ËýµÄÌÖÂÛ»¹²»½öÊÇ¿ÉÒÔ±æ±ð³ö²»Í¬µÄ²âÊÔ½á¹ûÊÇ·ñÓëѧÉúµÄÐÔ±ðÓйأ¬¶øÇÒ»¹ÄÜ¿¼²éµ½²»Í¬½á¹ûµÄ²îÒì±¾ÖÊ£¬¼´ÕâÖÖ²îÒìÐÔÊÇ·ñÊÇÓÉѧÉúµÄÐÔ±ðÓëÆÀ¹À¹ý³ÌµÄÏ໥×÷ÓÃÀ´¾ö¶¨£¨´ð°¸ÍùÍùÊÇ·ñ¶¨µÄ£©£¬ÒÔ¼°ÕâÑùµÄ²îÒìÈçºÎ±»½ÌÓý¹¤×÷Õß½øÐнâÊÍ¡£ËýËù¹ØÐĵÄÊÇѧÉúÄܹ»×öЩʲôÒÔ¼°Óɳɼ¨µ¥Ëù˵Ã÷µÄ²îÒìµÄ½ÌÓýѧÒâÒå¡£ËýµÄ×î³õµÄ·ÖÎö½á¹ûÏÔʾ£¬¾¡¹ÜÔÚÎÄѧÔĶÁ·½Ãæ¿ÉÒԵõ½Ò»ÖµĽá¹û£¬¼´Å®Éú¸üÓÐÀûÓÚÔĶÁ£¬µ«ÊǶÔÓÚÊýѧÀ´Ëµ£¬½á¹ûÈ´²¢²»Ã÷ÏÔ»òÕß˵±£³ÖÒ»Ö£¬Õâ¿ÉÄÜÓë´Ë¿Î³Ì±¾ÉíÓйأ¬Ò²ÓпÉÄÜÓëÏà¹Ø½ÌѧÓйء£ÔÚÆäËûÁìÓòÀïÀàËÆÏàËÆµÄ½á¹ûÒ²±»·¢ÏÖ£¬ÓÈÆäÊǵ±½áºÏÈË¿Úͳ¼ÆÊý¾Ý½øÐзÖÎö½á¹ûʱ¡£ÔÚ±»ÆÀ¹ÀµÄ½á¹¹¡¢²»Í¬×é±ðµÄѧÉúÒÔ¼°ÐÔ±ð½á¹ûÖ®¼ä´æÔÚ×ÅһЩ½ÏÃ÷ÏÔµÄÏ໥¹ØÏµ¡£Ëý½øÒ»²½Ö¸³ö²îÒìÔÚÄĶù·¢ÏÖ£¬¸öÌå±äÒìÐÔ¿ÉÄܾ͸üÏÔÖø£¬¼´²»Í¬µÄÄк¢ÓëÅ®º¢¸öÌå¡¢²»Í¬Ñ§Ð££¬¿ÉÄÜÓëÆ½¾ùͳ¼ÆÆÀ¹À½á¹ûÓÐÃ÷ÏԵIJîÒì¡£ËýµÄ¶ÔδÀ´È·±£ÆÀ¹À¹«Æ½ÐԵķ½ÏòµÄ×ܽáÐÔÌÖÂÛÉæ¼°µ½¸öÌåµÄÖØÒªÐÔÎÊÌâ¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬ËýµÄ×îºóһЩÏë·¨Ó뽨Òé¶ÔÆÀ¹ÀÖÆ¶ÈµÄÑо¿ÌṩÁ˲»Í¬µÄÎÊÌ⣬¼´ÒªÇó¸ü¶àµÄ¹Ø×¢³É¼¨µÄ¾­¼ÃÓëÉç»áÑùʽ£¬Õâ¿ÉÄܸü·þ´ÓÓÚÉç»áµÄ±ä»¯¡£
Deborah Keen ºÍMichael Arthur-Kelly¿¼ÂÇÁ˶ÔÓÚ×ÜÊǶԽÌÓýÑо¿ÓÐÌØÊâ×¢ÒâÁ¦µÄѧÉúÀ´ËµÆÀ¹ÀµÄÒâÒ壬ÓÈÆäÊǾßÓÐѧϰÕϰ­µÄѧÉú¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬ËûÃǵÄÌÖÂÛ²»ÊÇÕâЩѧÉúÓÐÏÞµÄÆÚÍûµÄȱÏÝģʽ£¬¶øÊÇÒ»¸öÐÂÊÚȨµÄģʽ£¬ÕâÑù¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýÓë½Ìѧ˵Ã÷ÓëÄ¿±êÉèÖýôÃÜÁªÏµÆðÀ´µÄÆÀ¹ÀÐж¯½øÐС£ÕâÑùµÄÆÀ¹ÀÕýÔÚ·¢ÉúÔڱ仯Öð½¥Ôö¼ÓµÄ»·¾³Àµ«ÊÇÈ·¶¨Ã¿¸ö¸öÌåËùÐèÒªµÄÖ¸ÁîÇ¿¶ÈˮƽÒÔ¼°ÕâЩָÁîµÄÓÐЧÐÔÊÇÖÁ¹ØÖØÒªµÄ¡£ËûÃǼÌÐøÁËÎÒÃǵÄÑо¿¹¤×÷£¬ÒÔÖÂÓÚÿһ¸ö¸öÌå¶¼Äܹ»Ñ§Ï°²¢Äܹ»±»¸øÓèѧϰµÄ»ú»á¡£ËûÃǶÔѧÉú²ÎÓëѧϰºÍÆÀ¹À·½Ê½µÄ¹Ø×¢´ÓÖ÷Á÷µÄÊӽǸøÆÀ¹ÀÀíÂÛ´øÀ´ÁËÒ»¸öȫеÄ˼¿¼½Ç¶È¡£ËûÃÇͨ¹ýÒýÓöÔ×Ô±ÕÕϰ­µÄѧÉúËù×öµÄÑо¿Êý¾ÝÀ´Ö§³ÖËûÃǵÄÂ۵㡣ËûÃÇͨ¹ýÒýÓÃÃÀ¹ú×îԭʼµÄÑо¿À´ÃèÊöÓÐѧϰÕϰ­µÄѧÉú»ùÓÚ¿Î³ÌµÄÆÀ¼Û¡£ËûÃÇÈÏΪÆÀ¹ÀÖÆ¶È£¬´ÓÓÅÊÆ·ÖÎöÀ´Ëµ£¬Ò»°ãÓ¦¸Ã¼¸ºõÍêÈ«±»¼¯ÖÐÓÚÕâÑùµÄ¿¼ÂÇ£ºÊ¹Ñ§ÉúµÄ³É¼¨¾¡¿ÉÄÜ×î´ó»¯¡£ËûÃÇÌá³öÁËһЩ´óÎÊÌ⣬±ÈÈç¶ÔÓÚѧÉúºÍ´øÓÐÄ¿±ê£¨°üÀ¨ºÃÆæÐÄ¡¢ÔöÇ¿µÄ¶ÀÁ¢ÐÔ¡¢×ÔÎÒʵÏֵȵȣ©µÄÖÕÉúѧϰµÄ×îºÃµÄÖ§³Ö£¬ÒÔ¼°ÓÐÀûÓÚÕϰ­Ñ§Éúѧϰ±ØÒªµÄÇ¿»¯¿Î³Ì¹æ»®¡£

[ Last edited by ÎÞè¦ on 2009-11-12 at 20:41 ]
Ïп´Í¥Ç°»¨¿ª»¨Âä¡£
2Â¥2009-11-11 12:14:54
ÒÑÔÄ   »Ø¸´´ËÂ¥   ¹Ø×¢TA ¸øTA·¢ÏûÏ¢ ËÍTAºì»¨ TAµÄ»ØÌû

goodtimega

Ìú¸Ëľ³æ (ÖøÃûдÊÖ)

ºÇºÇÕâ»ØÕæ³¤¡£
3Â¥2009-11-12 03:49:19
ÒÑÔÄ   »Ø¸´´ËÂ¥   ¹Ø×¢TA ¸øTA·¢ÏûÏ¢ ËÍTAºì»¨ TAµÄ»ØÌû

lb125lb

ľ³æ (ÕýʽдÊÖ)

cougerenao
4Â¥2009-11-12 18:25:26
ÒÑÔÄ   »Ø¸´´ËÂ¥   ¹Ø×¢TA ¸øTA·¢ÏûÏ¢ ËÍTAºì»¨ TAµÄ»ØÌû

ÐǺ£»Û¶ù

ÈÙÓþ°æÖ÷ (Ö°Òµ×÷¼Ò)

ľ³æ¾«Áé

ÓÅÐã°æÖ÷ÓÅÐã°æÖ÷

ÎÒÊdz¬¼¶Ììºó£ºÌìÌìŬÁ¦£¬²»ÂäÈ˺ó£¡
5Â¥2009-11-13 09:32:51
ÒÑÔÄ   »Ø¸´´ËÂ¥   ¹Ø×¢TA ¸øTA·¢ÏûÏ¢ ËÍTAºì»¨ TAµÄ»ØÌû

minhua6565

Í­³æ (СÓÐÃûÆø)

6Â¥2009-11-13 09:58:28
ÒÑÔÄ   »Ø¸´´ËÂ¥   ¹Ø×¢TA ¸øTA·¢ÏûÏ¢ ËÍTAºì»¨ TAµÄ»ØÌû

minhua6565

Í­³æ (СÓÐÃûÆø)

¸Ôɪ¿ËÀ×˹¿ªÊ¼ËûÓëÃüÌâÌÖÂÛ'´¦Àíѧϰ
ºÍÆÀ¹Àµ÷ÓõŵͨºÍÒâÒåµÄÀíÂÛ'£¨¼ûµÚ19Ò³£©¡£
ËûµÄÌôÕ½¶ÁÕß¿¼ÂÇÈçºÎÈÏʶѧϰºÍÊý¾Ý»òÖ¤¾Ý
Õ⽫¼ÆË㣬±íÃ÷ѧϰµÄ·¢Éú¡£Í¨¹ýËûµÄÕâЩ̽Ë÷
Á½¸öÎÊÌ⣬¿ËÀ×˹×ÅÖØÓÚÔÚÌØ¶¨Çé¿öϵÄѧϰÒÔ¼°ÈçºÎ¸ÅÄîµÄ
ÒâÒ壬·ûºÅºÍ¸ÅÄʹÓйØÇé¿ö¡£
´Ó·ûºÅѧµÄѧϰÀíÂ۵ĽǶȿªÕ¹¹¤×÷£¬¿ËÀ×˹ÀñÎï
Ϊ¶ÔѧϰµÄÌôÕ½´«Í³Ê¶±ðµÄÐÂÔ­ÔòµÄÇé¿ö
ÓÅÊÆÑÔÂÛºÍд×÷µÄÓïÑÔģʽ¡£ËûºôÓõÕ³É
ÎÊÌâÈçºÎ½«ÕâЩģʽÒÑ»ñµÃµÄ׿ԽºÍÌôÆðÒâʶ
ÔÚ³ÐÈÏÆóͼÒâÒåµÄ¾ö²ßºÍËùÓеÄѧϰ·½Ê½¡£Ç¿´óµÄ
´Ó¿ËÀ×˹µÄÐÅÏ¢ÊÇ£¬'ʲôÊDz»³ÐÈϲ»»á£¬Ò²ÎÞ·¨ÆÀ¹À'£¬
µ¼ÖÂËû³ÆÖ®Îª'ѧԱ'ºÍÄÜÁ¦µÄÑÏÖØmisrecognition
Ðж¯'£¨¼ûµÚ38Ò³£©¡£
ÈκÎδÀ´ÆÀ¹ÀµÄÌÖÂÛ±ØÈ»º­¸Ç
ÎÊÌâµÄ¼¼Êõ¡£¿Æ¼¼ÓëÆÀ¹ÀµÄ¹ØÏµ¿ÉÒÔ
ÓÐÐí¶àÐÎʽ£º¼¼Êõ×÷ΪһÖÖ¹¤¾ßÀ´½øÐÐÆÀ¹ÀµÄ´«Í³ÐÎʽ;
¸Ã¼¼Êõ¶ÔÆÀ¹ÀÓ°ÏìµÄÏ໥×÷ÓÃ;ÆÀ¹À
¿Æ¼¼½ÌÓý£¬ÒÔ¼°ÒÔеĿ´·¨ÈçºÎÆÀ¶¨µÄÐÎ״ʱ
¼¼ÊõÊǼٶ¨Îª21ÊÀ¼ÍµÄÖØµã¡£À¼µÏ°àÄáÌØºÍµÂ³¼ªÍÐĬ
ÌṩÁËÒ»¸öÁîÈËÕñ·ÜµÄ·½Ê½µÄ½Ç¶ÈÆÀ¹ÀÓ¦½âÊÍ
ÔÚÒ»¸ö¼¼ÊõÇý¶¯µÄÊÀ½ç£¬ÊÀ½çÉÏÒѾ­ÔÚÎÒÃÇÖÜΧµÄ
¶þʮһÊÀ¼Í¡£±´ÄÚÌØºÍ¼ªÍÐĬÁ´½Óµ½´Ù½ø¿Æ¼¼½ø²½
ÔÚÁ˽â¸öÈ˺ÍѧϰµÄÐÔÖÊ¡£ËûÃÇÄ¿Ç°ÃæÁÙµÄÌôÕ½
ÎÊÔðÒé³Ì¸ü¼ÓÁ˽âºÍͨ±¨¡£ËûÃǵÄÌôÕ½°üÀ¨
ÈÏÖª¿ÆÑ§µÄ·¢Õ¹£¬ÔÚ·¢Õ¹ÄÉÈëÐÄÀí
²âÁ¿·½·¨ºÍ¼¼ÊõµÄ·¢Õ¹£¬Ê¹³ÂÊö
'¸ü·á¸»µÄÆÀ¹ÀÈÎÎñ£¬ÓëһЩ'µÃ·Ö'×Ô¶¯»¯'£¨¼ûµÚ43Ò³£©¡£±´ÄÚÌØ
ºÍ¼ªÍÐĬչ¿ªcontextualisingÔÚÃÀ¹úµÄ½ÌÓýËûÃǵÄÏë·¨
·½Ã棬¹ØÇÐÖÊÁ¿ºÍƽµÈµÄ½ÌÓý¾­Ñé
ËùÓÐѧÉúºÍÏàÓ¦µÄÓÐÏÞÔðÈÎÒé³ÌµÄ½ÌÓý¼ÛÖµ
ѧÉú¸ÄÉÆ¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬ÎÒÃÇ×¢Òâµ½ÆäËûÕ½ڣ¬ÃÀ¹ú
¸÷¹úµÄ¾­ÑéºÍÕþ²ßµÄµ±ÎñÖ®¼±£¬ÕýÈ·Óë·ñ£¬²»ÊÇËûÃǵĶ«Î÷
µ¥¶ÀµÄ¡£±´ÄÚÌØºÍ¼ªÍÐĬÌôÕ½×ÔÎÒ£¬´´ÔìÒ»¸ö¸üºÃµÄÎÊÔðÖÆ
ϵͳ£¬ÏÖ´úµÄ£¬Á¼ºÃµÄÆÀ¹À×ö·¨ºÍ½ÌÓý·½ÃæÍ¨±¨
¼ÛÖµ£¬ÔÊÐíѧÉúµÄ½ø¶È¼à²âºÍÌá¸ßѧÉúµÄ֪ͨ
ѧϰ¡£ËûÃÇÌá³öµÄ·½°¸°üÀ¨Á˶ÀÁ¢³öÏÖµÄÖ÷Ìâ
´ÓÎÒÃÇÕâôÐí¶à×÷Õߣ¬¹Ø×¢ÕâÒ»ÆÀ¹ÀÓ¦ÄÜ
²éÃ÷µÄ³¤´¦ºÍÈõµã£¬¶¨ÖƲ»Í¬µÄ±¨¸æ
¹ÛÖÚÓ¦ÉèÔÚһЩѧϰºÍ·¢Õ¹£¬ÀíÂÛÒª
Ìá¹©ÕæÊµºÍÓÐÒâÒåµÄѧÉú²ÎÓ룬Ӧ¸ÃÈÏʶµ½
Éç»áºÍÎÄ»¯ÐÔÖʵÄѧϰºÍ֪ʶ£¬Ó¦¸ÃÖ§³Ö
רҵ·¢Õ¹ºÍÆÀ¹ÀÌáʾµÄ½Ìʦ¡£ÕâÊÇÔÚ×îÖÕͨ¹ý
ËûÃǵĽâ¾ö·½°¸£¬¼¼Êõ³ÉΪÖÐÑëµÄÖ§³Ö¡£
¸ñÂ×ÊÖÖ¸ºÍÂÞÃ×ÄɼÖÃ×É­£¬±¦½à»¹Í¨¹ýÉó²éÆÀ¹À
¼¼ÊõµÄ¾µÍ·£¬¶ø²»½ö½öÊÇÒ»¸öÐÎʽµÄÆÀ¹À¼¼ÊõµÄÓ¦Óã¬
¶øÇÒÓйصÄÎÊÌ⣬ÔÚÐÅÏ¢ÁìÓòѧϰµÄÆÀ¹À
ºÍͨÐż¼Êõ£¨ICTs£©µÄÆÀ¹ÀÐÎʽºÍ»¥¶¯
ÐÅÏ¢ºÍͨÐż¼Êõ֪ʶµÄÐÔÖÊ¡£Í¬ÒâÓëBennettºÍ¼ªÍÐĬ£¬ÒÔ¼°ÊÖÖ¸ºÍ
¼ÖÃ×É­£¬±¦½à£¬ÎÒÃDzÉÈ¡¼øÓÚ¼¼ÊõºÍ¼¼ÊõµÄ·¢Õ¹
»áµÄÖ¸ÁîÊÇÖØ´óµÄÓ°Ï죬½ÌÓýºÍÆÀ¹À½«ÔÚ
¶þʮһÊÀ¼Í¡£Èç¹û²»ÊÇ£¬ÄÇô½á¹û½«ÊÇѧÉúµÄ½ÌÓý
³ÉÄêÈ˵Ĺ¹Ô죬Êǵ±½ñÊÀ½çµÄʱ´ú´íÎó¡£¼¼Êõ
±ä»¯À´²»ÄÜÉèÏ룬ÕýÈç¼¼Êõ×ÊÔ´
¿ÉÔÚÕâ¸öʱºòº¢×Ó³¬Ô½20ÊÀ¼ÍÖÐÒ¶µÄÃÎÏë¡£
È»¶ø£¬Á˽âÐÅÏ¢ºÍͨÐż¼Êõ»·¾³ºÍ½ø¿Ú֪ʶµÄÐÔÖÊ
½Ìѧ£¬Ñ§Ï°ºÍÆÀ¹ÀÊDZȽÏеĽÌÓýŬÁ¦¡£
ÊÖÖ¸ºÍ¼ÖÃ×É­£¬±¦½à̽Ë÷´ÓÕâ¸ö½Ç¶È¶Ô½ÌʦÎÊÌâ
õ£Âȼף¬¼¼Êõѧ¿Æ½Ìѧ֪ʶµÄ½Ìѧ´óÂ¥
ÀíÂÛ£¬Êæ¶ûÂü£¨1987£©¡£ËüÃÇÌṩµÄÆÀ¹ÀÐÅÏ¢ºÍͨÐż¼ÊõµÄʹÓ÷¶Àý£¬
ÈçѧÉúePortfolios·¢Õ¹¡£ÕýÈç±¾ÕÂËùʾ£¬
»ú»áÓÐÏÞ£¬Ö»ÓÐÎÒÃÇ×Ô¼ºµÄÄÜÁ¦´ÓÊÂÓë¼¼Êõ
Ìṩ¡£ÊÖÖ¸ºÍ¼ÖÃ×É­£¬±¦½àÈÏΪËüÊÇÖØÒªµÄÆÀ¹À
³¬Ô½Ä£Ê½¶ÔѧÉú֪ʶ£¬¼¼Êõ¾ßÓн¹µã
'ѧÉúÈçºÎÄÜÀûÓÃÔÚ¸÷ÖÖÇé¿öϵĿγÌѧϰÐÅÏ¢ºÍͨÐż¼Êõ'ºÍ
ÈçºÎʹÓÃÕâÖÖ·½±ãµÄ'´´ÔìÐÔ£¬¸´ÔÓºÍÅúÅÐ˼άµÄ·¢Õ¹
£¨Ò³67£©¡£ÊÖÖ¸ºÍ¼ÖÃ×É­£¬±¦½àÌṩµÄÈ«ÃæÉó²é
ĿǰµÄ״̬£¬ÔÚѧϰÒÕÊõ£¬ºÍÆÀ¹À£¬ÐÅÏ¢ºÍͨÐż¼ÊõµÄ¶àÖÖ¹¤¾ß
ÒѾ­Ìṩ¸ø½ÌʦºÍгöÏֵĴ´Ð¡£×îÖØÒªµÄÊÇ£¬ËûÃÇ·¢ÏÖ
Õâ¶ÔδÀ´µÄÌôÕ½½«ÊDZ£³Ö½ÌʦÔÚÐÅÏ¢ºÍͨÐż¼ÊõÄÜÁ¦
ΪѧÉúͬÑùµÄËٶȺͽÌÓý¹¤×÷ÕßÐèÒªÓÐ'Ò»¸öÇ¿´óµÄÀí½â
ѧÉúµÄѧϰÈçºÎÔÚ¶þʮһÊÀ¼Í'£¨µÚ78Ò³£©¡£
¿ËÀ³¶û»³ÑÇÌØ-Ê·ÃÜ˹ºÍ˹µÙ·ÒÄݸð¶÷̽Ë÷ÀíÂ۵ıØÒªÐÔ
ÔÚ¶þʮһÊÀ¼ÍµÄÆÀ¹ÀµÄ»ù´¡£¬ÒòΪ¸÷ÖÖÄ¿µÄºÍ
»î¶¯µÃµ½ÊµÊ©¡£ËûÃÇÈÏΪ£¬×÷Ϊ¶ÔÆÀ¹À·½·¨
'ÒâÒåµÄ¾ö²ß'£¨Delandshere£¦ÅåÌØÂÞ˹»ù£¬1998Ä꣩ÌṩÁËÒ»ÖÖ·½·¨£¬Éó²éºÍ
ÐÎ×´ÆÀ¹ÀµÄÄ¿µÄºÍ×ö·¨¡£»³ÑÇÌØ-Ê·ÃÜ˹ºÍ¹¢ÊÏÖ§³ÖËûÃǵÄÀíÂÛ
ÔÚÊÕ¼¯Ñо¿Óëʵ֤ÃüÌâ½øÐÐ
ÔÚ°Ä´óÀûÑÇÀ¥Ê¿À¼ÖÝ¡£ÔÚÀ¥Ê¿À¼ÖÝÈÏ¿ÉÆÀ¼ÛÌåϵ
ÔÚѧУ½ÌÓýµÄÍíÄ꣬ÓÃÀÏʦµÄÅжϣ¬ÒѾ­ÔÚ¹ú¼ÊÉÏ
ÒÑÖªµÄ30Äê¡£»³ÑÇÌØ-Ê·ÃÜ˹ºÍ¹¢ÊÏ̽Ë÷ÕâÑùµÄ·½·¨³ÉÎÄ·¨
ÔÚ¾Íѧǰ¼¸ÄêµÄ̽Ë÷£¬ÔÚÕâÖÖÅжÏ
ÊÇÓÉ£ºÔÚËÜÔìµÄ¶¯Ì¬Ö®¼äµÄÉç»á»·¾³ºÍ½ÌʦµÄÆÚÍû
ÅоöºÍÔö¼ÓÍⲿÔðÈεÄÒªÇóºÍ±³¾°
Ó°Ïì¿ÎÌýÌѧ¡£¾¡¹ÜÌÖÂÛÊÇÔÚÀ¥Ê¿À¼ÖݺÍÉèÖÃ
°Ä´óÀûÑÇ£¬ÕâЩ·½ÃæÓÐÃ÷È·µÄ¹ú¼Êgeneralisability¡£ÔÚ¼³È¡²ÎÊý
¹ØÓÚ¶ÔѧÉúµÄ¹«Æ½ÎÊÌâ½ø¿ÚÕâЩºÍÐèÒª½â¾ö
ѧÉú£¬»³ÑÇÌØ-Ê·ÃÜ˹ºÍ¸ð¶÷¶àÑùÐÔÇ¿µ÷¶ÔÖ¤¾ÝµÄÐèÒª
Ò»¸ö»ù´¡ÒªËØµÄÆÀ¹À¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬ÕâЩ֤¾Ý±¾ÉíÊÇ
²¿·Ö½ÌÓý³ÉÎÄ·¨µÄÉç»áÎÄ»¯±³¾°¡£»³ÑÇÌØ-Ê·ÃÜ˹ºÍ¹¢ÊÏ
¾«ÐÄ4'¾µÍ·'ÆÀ¹À£¬Ì½Ë÷ÒâÒåµÄ¾ö²ß£¬ÔËÓÃËüÃÇ
Ò»¸ö¿ò¼Ü£¬Ì½Ë÷ËûÃǵÄÑо¿´Ó¾­ÑéÖ¤¾Ý¡£ÓÉÓÚ¿±Ì½
Õ¹¿ª£¬²»½öÓ°Ïìµ½ÆÀ¹ÀµÄÀíÂÛºÍʵ¼ù£¬¶øÇÒ¶Ô
½ÌʦµÄרҵ¾«ÉñºÍÎÄ»¯µÄÆÀ¹À³öÏÖ¡£±¾ÕÂ˵Ã÷
ÒòΪÎÒÃÇÒѾ­½øÈëÁËÓëÇ¿»¯µÄ×÷ÓÃ21ÊÀ¼ÍµÄÆÚÍû
ÆÀ¹À£¬ÒÔÌá¸ßѧϰ£¬ÎÒÃÇÐèÒª¼ÌÐøÓëÎÒÃǵÄÔ¤ÆÚ½øÒ»²½
¶ÔÆÀ¹ÀÀíÂÛ±¾ÉíÎÒÃÇ×Ô¼ºµÄÀí½â¡£
ÁíÒ»´óÖ÷ÌâÔÚ±¾ÊéµÄ×÷ÕßÊÇÉóÒéÈ·¶¨
¶ÔһϵÁÐÎÊÌâµÄÆÀ¹Àµ±Ç°ÎÒÃÇΪ'½¨ÉèÉç»á×ʱ¾£º
²îÒ죬¶àÑùÐÔºÍÉç»á°üÈÝ'¡£ÕâЩÕ½ÚÖеÄÒ»¸ö»ù±¾Ö÷Ì⣬
ÓÉ¿¨ÂÞÁÕ¼ªÆÕ˹ºÍ¸êµÇ˹ÍаÍÌØ£¬ËÕɺ²¼Â³¿Ë¹þÌØ£¬µÂ²¼»ù¶÷ºÍÂõ¿Ë¶û
°¢Éª-¿­Àû£¬ºÍJoy¿¨Ã÷£¬ÊǶÔѧÉúµÄʾ·¶Ð§Ó¦ÆÀ¹À
³É¾ÍºÍÆÀ¹ÀºÍѧÉúµÄ»¥¶¯¡£Í¬Ñù£¬ÕâЩ
ÓÇÂÇÒѼì²éÁËһϵÁй۵㣺¸öÈËÈ¨ÒæÎÊÌâ
ÔÚΪËùÓÐ×·Çó×îºÃµÄ½ÌÓý»ú»áµÄѧÉú;ƽµÈÎÊÌâ
ͨ¹ýÏÖÓеĹú¼ÒºÍ¹ú¼Ê±ê×¼½øÐвâÊÔ¼ì²é
Êý¾Ý;¹«Æ½ÎÊÌ⣬²¢¼ÓÇ¿ÓëѧÉúµÄÆÀ¹Àʵ¼ùµÄÐÂ;¾¶
²Ð¼²ÈË;ºÍÆÀ¹ÀºÍ¹«Æ½ÎÊÌ⣬ÒòΪËüÃǰÚÍÑ·¨ÂÉ¡£
¿¨ÂÞÁÕ¼ªÆÕ˹ºÍ¸êµÇ˹ÍаÍÌØÆÀ¹À±¨¸æÖеĹ«Æ½ÎÊÌ⣬
ÒÆ¶¯´Ó'¼¼Êõ¶¨ÒåµÄ¹«Æ½¹«Õý'µÄ¹ÛÄîµÄ¿¼ÂÇ
ÔÚÆÀ¹ÀºÍÉç»áÎÄ»¯±³¾°µÄÎÊÌâ×÷ΪÆÀ¹À
'Éç»áǶÈëʽ»î¶¯'¡£×î¹ã·º£¬ËûÃÇÈÏΪ£¬ÐèÒª¿¼Âǹ«Æ½
ÇþµÀºÍ»ú»á£¬¶ø²»½ö½öÊdzɼ¨»ò³É¾ÍµÄ½á¹ûƽµÈ¡£
ƽµÈ¹«ÕýµÄ½á¹û¿ÉÄÜÊÇÒ»×éѧÉú¶ø²»ÊÇÆäËû£¬ºÍ²»Æ½µÈ
½á¹û¿ÉÄÜÊÇ'¹«Æ½ºÍ¹«ÕýΪËùÓУ¨¼ûµÚ106Ò³£©¡£¼ªÆÕ˹ºÍ˹ÍаÍÌØÏêϸ
¶ÔËùÌÖÂ󵀮À¹À²¼Â޵¸»ÌØµÄÆðԴΪÖ÷ÌâµÄ'ǰÑÔ'£¬
ÔÚÉç»áÆÀ¹ÀÀ´É¸Ñ¡µÄ³öÏÖ£¬ÔÚÒ»¸ö¿ò¼Ü
µ±Ê±ÈÏΪ¹«Æ½ºÍÍÆ¹ã¼ÛÖµ¡£ÕâЩÆðÔ´µÄÓ°Ïì
ÆÀ¹À·¢Õ¹ºÍ³öÏÖµÄÐÄÀí·¶Ê½Í¨¹ý
20ÊÀ¼Í±»ÈÏΪÊÇÓëÉç»á¼ÙÉè»ù´¡²¢ÐÐ
ÕâЩÊÂ̬·¢Õ¹ºÍÉç»á×ʱ¾£¬Ê¹ÐÔÄÜ¡£ËäÈ»
¶Ô'ÆÀ¹À'·¶Ê½µÄ·¢Õ¹±»¿´×÷ÊÇÒ»¸ö½ÌÓýµÄ»ØÓ¦
20ÊÀ¼ÍµÄ¼ÆÁ¿Ä£Ê½±¾ÉíµÄ·¢Õ¹£¬ÕâÖÖ·¢Õ¹
ÊDz»ÊÇÉç»á»òÎÄ»¯ÖÐÁ¢¡£¼ªÆÕ˹ºÍ˹ÍаÍÌØpositµÄ¹«Æ½
´ÓÉç»áÎÄ»¯½Ç¶È²ÅÄÜʵÏÖͨ¹ýн¨Éè
ÓÐЧÐÔ¡£¾­¹ý3¸öÀý×Ó£¬À´×Ô²»Í¬µÄÉç»á£¬ÎÄ»¯ºÍÆÀ¹À
±³¾°£¬×÷Õß±íÃ÷£¬¹«Æ½ºÍ¹«Õý£¬²»ÄܼÙÉ裬µ«
±ØÐëÈÏÕæ¼à²â£¬ÈÎºÎÆÀ¹ÀµÄ»·¾³¡£×îÖØÒªµÄÊÇ£¬ËûÃÇ
¿´µ½ÔÚÆÀ¹À¹«Æ½µÄ×·Ç󣬶ԸöÈ˵Ļú»á£¬×÷Ϊһ¸ö
ÖØ´óºÍ³ÖÐøµÄÌôÕ½µÄ½ÌÓýÆÀ¹À¡£ÎÒÃÇÐèÒª¼ÌÐø
×÷³öÃ÷ÏÔµÄÆ«¼ûºÍ¼ÙÉ裬²¢±£³Ö¾¯¾õºÍÕþÖÎ
½«'Èç¹ûÎÒÃǵļÛֵΪËùÓÐÈ˹«Æ½µÄÄ¿±ê¡£
ËÕɺ²¼Â³¿Ë¹þÌØÌṩÁËÈ«Ãæ·ÖÎö¹ú¼ÊºÍ¹ú¼Ò
ÆÀ¹ÀÊý¾Ý£¬ÔÚÐí¶à·½ÃæµÄÑо¿£¬Ñо¿³É¹ûµÄÑо¿
ÆÀ¹ÀƽµÈºÍÐÔ±ðµÄÓ°Ïì¡£Ò»¶¨£¬ËýµÄ·ÖÎöÊÇ»ùÓÚ
Óñê×¼»¯µÄ´ëÊ©ºÍ½á¹ûµÄ£¬ÕâÖÖÑо¿£¬Í¬ÀàÐÍ
´ÓÑ¡ÔñÌâ¸ñʽ£¬À©Õ¹ÐÔÄܵȱê×¼ÆÀ¹À
ÆÀ¹À¡£Ëýµ÷²éµÄ¿Î³Ì£¬°üÀ¨Ò»ÏµÁеĵ÷²é½á¹û
Ó¢ÓÊýѧºÍ¿ÆÑ§£¬Îª²»Í¬ÄêÁä×é±ðµÄѧÉú¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬
²¼Â³¿Ë¹þÌØµÄÌÖÂÛ²»½öÊDz»Í¬µÄ£¬ÒÔÈ·¶¨ÊÇ·ñÈ¡µÃ³É¹û
¿ÉÒÔÓëÒ»¸öѧÉúµÄÐԱ𣬶øÇÒÑо¿µÄÐÔÖÊ
ÈÎºÎ·ÖÆç£¬ÎÞÂÛ²îÒìÊÇÓÉÓÚÁ½ÐÔÖ®¼äµÄÏ໥×÷ÓÃ
ѧÉúºÍÆÀ¹À¹ý³Ì£¨´ð°¸ËƺõÊÇ'²»'£©£¬ÈçºÎ
ÕâЩ²îÒìµÄ½âÊͽÌÓý¡£Ëý¹ØÐĵÄÊÇʲôѧÉú
ÕâÑùµÄ³É¾ÍºÍ±íÏÖ³öµÄ²»Í¬µÄ½ÌѧÎÊÌâ
Ñо¿¡£²¼Â³¿Ë¹þÌØµÄ³õ²½·ÖÎö±íÃ÷£¬¾¡¹ÜÒ»Ö±Ó°ÏìÕÒµ½
ÔĶÁ£¬Æ«Ì»Äк¢Å®º¢£¬ÊýѧµÄÓ°Ï첻̫Çå³þ
ÒÔ¼°Ò»¹á¶øÇҺܿÉÄÜÊÇÏà¹ØµÄ¿Î³ÌºÍ½Ìѧ·½·¨¡£Óеã
·¢ÏÖÀàËÆµÄ½á¹ûΪÆäËûµØÇø£¬ÌرðÊǵ±½á¹û½øÐÐÁË·ÖÎö
ÓëÆäËûÈË¿ÚÊý¾Ý½áºÏʹÓá£ËƺõÓÐÒ»¸öÃ÷È·µÄÏ໥×÷ÓÃ
ÓëËùÆÀ¹ÀµÄ½¨É裬ѧÉúºÍÐÔ±ð³É¹ûµÄȺÌå¡£
²¼Â³¿Ë¹þÌØÖ¸³ö£¬Èç¹û·¢ÏÖ²îÒ죬¸öÌå²îÒì¿ÉÒÔ¸ü
ÖØÒª£º¸ö±ðÄк¢ºÍÅ®º¢£¬¸ö±ðѧУ¿ÉÄÜ»á·Ç³£²»Í¬
´Óƽ¾ù'£¨µÚ125Ò³£©¡£Ëý×ܽáÌÖÂÛÓйØÎ´À´
ָʾ£¬ÒÔÈ·±£¹«Æ½µÄÆÀ¹ÀÈÏΪ£¬¸öÈ˵ÄÖØÒªÐÔ
ÏîÄ¿¡£²»¹ý£¬Ëý×îºóµÄÏë·¨ºÍ½¨ÒéÌṩÁ˲»Í¬µÄÌôÕ½
µÄÆÀ¹ÀÑо¿£¬ºôÓõ¸ü¶àµÄÀí½â¾­¼ÃºÍÎÄ»¯
ÔÚʵÏÖģʽ£¬Õâ¿ÉÄܸü¿É¸Ä±ä'£¨133Ò³£©¡£
µÂ²©À­»ù¶÷ºÍÂõ¿Ë¶û°¢Éª-¿­Àû¿¼ÂÇÆÀ¹ÀµÄÓ°Ïì
ѧÉúË­×ÜÊÇÔÚ½ÌÓýÑо¿Ìرð×¢Ò⣺ѧÉú
²Ð¼²¡£È»¶ø£¬ËûÃǵÄÌÖÂÛ£¬´Ó³à×ÖתÏò»°Óïģʽ
ÓÐÏÞµÄÆÚÍûÕâЩѧÉúµÄÊÚȨģʽ£¬ÒÔͼ
·¢Õ¹ÃÜÇнáºÏÆðÀ´£¬Í¨¹ýÆÀ¹ÀÐÐΪ£¬±¾ÖÊÉϵÄÖ¸ÁîºÍ
Ä¿±êÉèÖá£ÕâÖÖÆÀ¹ÀÊÇ·¢ÉúÔÚÒ»±³¾°µÄ±ä»¯ÊÇ'½¥½ø'£¬
µ«Èç¼ø¶¨µÄÓÐЧºÍÎÞЧµÄÖ¸ÁîºÍˮƽ
¶Ôÿ¸öѧÉúµÄ½ÌѧÐèÒªµÄÇ¿¶ÈÊÇÖÁ¹ØÖØÒªµÄ¡£»ù¶÷ºÍ
°¢Éª-¿­Àû¼ÌÐøÎÒÃǵŤ×÷Ö÷Ì⣬ËùÓиöÈ˶¼Äܹ»Ñ§Ï°
²¢ÓÐȨѧϰ»ú»á¡£ËûÃÇ×¢ÖØÓëѧÉú½Ó´¥
ѧϰ£¬ÒÔ¼°ÈçºÎÆÀ¹ÀÕâÖÖ²ÎÓ룬´øÀ´ÁËеIJãÃæÀ´¿¼ÂÇ
¶ÔÆÀ¹ÀÀíÂÛµÄÖ÷Á÷¹Ûµã¡£»ù¶÷ºÍ°¢Éª£¬¿­Àû
Ö§³Ö´Ó¾­ÑéÊý¾ÝµÄÑо¿ÓëѧÉú»æ»­ËûÃǵÄÂÛµã
Óë×Ô±ÕÖ¢¡£ËüÃÇÃèÊöµÄ¿Î³ÌΪ»ù´¡µÄѧÉúÆÀ¼Û
²Ð¼²£¬¶ÔÀ´×ÔÃÀ¹úµÄÑо¿Öƶ¨¡£ËûÃÇ
Ö¸³ö£¬'[Ò»]¶ÖÏÖÔÚÆÕ±éÈÏΪ£¬ÆÀ¹ÀºÍ¸ÉÔ¤ÊÇ×îºÃµÄ
ÖØµãÊǾ¡Á¿·¢»Ó¸öÈËѧϰµÄѧÉúËùÈ¡µÃµÄ³É¹û£¬
´ÓʵÁ¦½Ç¶È¿´'£¨142Ò³£©¡£»ù¶÷ºÍ°¢Éª£¬¿­Àû¶Ô'´ó'µÄÎÊÌâ
ÔÚËûÃÇµÄÆÀ¹Àµµ°¸£¬°üÀ¨ËûÃǵÄ×îºÃÖ§³ÖѧÉúºÍ
ÖÕÉíѧϰ£¬Ìṩ¸ü¶àµÄ¶ÀÁ¢ÐÔ£¬°üÀ¨'ºÃÆæÐÄÄ¿±ê¡£ ¡£ ¡£ºÍ
×ÔÎÒʵÏÖ'£¨µÚ144Ò³£©ºÍÃܼ¯µÄ¿Î³Ì¹æ»®±ØÒªµÄ
Óë²Ð¼²Ñ§Éú¡£
7Â¥2009-11-13 10:10:37
ÒÑÔÄ   »Ø¸´´ËÂ¥   ¹Ø×¢TA ¸øTA·¢ÏûÏ¢ ËÍTAºì»¨ TAµÄ»ØÌû

zgfonline

ľ³æ (ÖøÃûдÊÖ)

°ïÄã¶¥Ï塃 ·­ÒëÕâÒªÒ»¸öºÜÕûµÄʱ¼ä²ÅºÃ Õâ¸öÓÖÓе㳤ÁË¡£
ÕæÊµµÄÈËÐÔÓÐÎÞ¾¡µÄ¿ÉÄÜ£¡
8Â¥2009-11-13 10:27:36
ÒÑÔÄ   »Ø¸´´ËÂ¥   ¹Ø×¢TA ¸øTA·¢ÏûÏ¢ ËÍTAºì»¨ TAµÄ»ØÌû
Ïà¹Ø°æ¿éÌø×ª ÎÒÒª¶©ÔÄÂ¥Ö÷ sunyichong µÄÖ÷Ìâ¸üÐÂ
×î¾ßÈËÆøÈÈÌûÍÆ¼ö [²é¿´È«²¿] ×÷Õß »Ø/¿´ ×îºó·¢±í
[¿¼ÑÐ] 085600£¬321·ÖÇóµ÷¼Á +7 ´ó²öС×Ó 2026-04-04 8/400 2026-04-04 16:02 by 418490947
[¿¼ÑÐ] ²ÄÁϵ÷¼Á +10 Ò»ÑùYWY 2026-04-03 10/500 2026-04-04 12:18 by Î޼ʵIJÝÔ­
[¿¼ÑÐ] 298Çóµ÷¼Á +9 ÖÖÊ¥´Í 2026-03-29 9/450 2026-04-03 17:52 by Jimmyandyou
[¿¼ÑÐ] ²ÄÁÏר˶µ÷¼Á +18 Ò¬Ò¬¡£ 2026-03-29 18/900 2026-04-03 16:45 by ÁáÁá0606
[¿¼ÑÐ] 315·Ö 085602 Çóµ÷¼Á +15 26¿¼ÑÐÉϰ¶°æ26 2026-04-02 15/750 2026-04-03 12:45 by xingguangj
[¿¼ÑÐ] 320Çóµ÷¼Á +3 ũҵ¹¤³ÌÓëÐÅÏ¢¼ 2026-04-03 3/150 2026-04-03 11:40 by ÍÁľ˶ʿÕÐÉú
[¿¼ÑÐ] 289Çóµ÷¼Á +4 Acesczlo 2026-03-29 5/250 2026-04-03 10:09 by ²»168
[¿¼ÑÐ] 085602»¯¹¤Çóµ÷¼Á£¨331·Ö£© +9 111@127 2026-03-30 9/450 2026-04-02 20:00 by dick_runner
[¿¼ÑÐ] 413Çóµ÷¼Á +3 ¿Âijij 2026-03-31 3/150 2026-04-02 16:59 by zzsw+
[¿¼ÑÐ] 0832ʳƷ¿ÆÑ§Ó빤³Ìѧ˶282µ÷¼Á +4 ÓãÔÚË®ÖÐÓÎa 2026-04-02 7/350 2026-04-02 14:12 by baoball
[¿¼ÑÐ] ²ÄÁϹ¤³Ì322·Ö +8 ¹þ¹þ¹þºðºðºð¹þ 2026-04-01 8/400 2026-04-02 11:53 by 3041
[¿¼ÑÐ] 324Çóµ÷¼Á +5 ÏëÉÏѧÇóµ÷ 2026-04-01 6/300 2026-04-02 10:16 by sanrepian
[¿¼ÑÐ] 354Çóµ÷¼Á +4 lxb598 2026-03-31 5/250 2026-04-02 09:55 by Jaylen.
[¿¼ÑÐ] 085600£¬320·ÖÇóµ÷¼Á +5 ´ó²öС×Ó 2026-04-01 6/300 2026-04-01 19:40 by ÌÆãå¶ù
[¿¼ÑÐ] 350Çóµ÷¼Á +7 °¢¼Ñ¡« 2026-03-31 7/350 2026-04-01 16:12 by yanflower7133
[¿¼ÑÐ] 262Çóµ÷¼Á +9 ÀøÖ¾Ò»¶¨·¢ÎÄÕ 2026-03-31 10/500 2026-04-01 12:22 by sunshine0013
[¿¼ÑÐ] 266Çóµ÷¼Á +3 ÍÛºôºßºôºß 2026-03-29 3/150 2026-03-31 10:06 by cal0306
[¿¼ÑÐ] ±¾¿Æ211×Ü·Ö289£¬08¹¤Ñ§ÕæÐÄÇóµ÷¼Á +3 utopiaE 2026-03-30 3/150 2026-03-30 23:42 by ms629
[¿¼ÑÐ] µ÷¼Á +4 GK72 2026-03-30 4/200 2026-03-30 20:32 by dick_runner
[¿¼ÑÐ] Çóµ÷¼Á +10 ¼Ò¼Ñ¼Ñ¼Ñ¼Ñ¼Ñ 2026-03-29 10/500 2026-03-30 18:34 by 544594351
ÐÅÏ¢Ìáʾ
ÇëÌî´¦ÀíÒâ¼û