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Lymphocyte and NK Cell Production


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The CLP is believed to give rise to B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and NK cells.16 The development of B lymphocyte and T lymphocyte progenitors in bone marrow is antigenindependent. Both SCF and Flt3L appear to be involved in the production of early lymphoid progenitor cells in mice.







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B lymphocyte progenitors produce mature, naive B lymphocytes in the marrow in most mammals, in specialized ileal Peyer¡¯s patches in dogs, pigs, and ruminants, and in the bursa of Fabricius in birds.



Approximately 2 to 3 days arerequired for pre-B lymphocytes to develop into mature, naive B lymphocytes in the marrow and enter the circulation. Less than 20% of B lymphocytes produced in the marrow become part of the peripheral mature B lymphocyte pool, with most of the cells being culled in the bone marrow or after their entry into blood. B lymphocytes also proliferate in peripheral lymphoid tissues in adults.



As with other blood cells, the microenvironment of the marrow and lymphoid organs is important for lymphopoiesis. The production of antigen-sensitive, surface-immunoglobulin-positive B lymphocytes is marked by successive rearrangements of the immunoglobulin gene loci and selective expression of surface proteins.



Although a number of cytokines¡ªincluding SCF, Flt3L, SDF-1, and IGF¡ªare involved in B lymphocyte production in marrow, IL-7 appears to be an especially important positive growth factor. B lymphocyte lymphopoiesis is inhibited by several factors, including TGF-¦Â, IFN-¦Á, IFN-¦Â, and IFN-¦Ã.









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Recirculating B lymphocytes are activated by antigenic stimulation in the T lymphocyte region of secondary lymphoid organs, followed by migration to the cortex in lymph nodes and to follicles in jejunal Peyer¡¯s patches and the spleen in mammals. B lymphocyte activation and differentiation



into plasmablasts is induced by combinations of microbial products, cytokines, and molecules bound to the surfaces of T lymphocytes and dendritic cells. Plasmablasts can develop into plasma cells in the lymphoid organs where they are produced or can migrate through blood and develop into plasma cells in peripheral tissues or bone marrow. SDF-1 attracts circulating plasmablasts to the bone marrow, and factors including SDF-1 and IL-6 promote plasma cell development by preventing apoptosis.







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T lymphocyte progenitors leave the marrow and migrate to the thymus. Homing of these cells to the thymus depends on their interaction with various adhesion molecules on thymic endothelial cells and the production of specific chemotactic factors by thymic stromal cells.



T lymphocyte progenitors develop into T lymphocytes under the influence of the thymic microenvironment and growth factors (including Flt3L and IL-7) produced in the thymus. After maturation in the thymus, T lymphocytes accumulate within paracortical areas of lymph nodes, periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths of the spleen, and the interfollicular areas of jejunal Peyer¡¯s patches in mammals.









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Most NK cells are produced from progenitor cells in the bone marrow, where they undergo expansion and maturation for a week or more before their release into the blood.Growth factors controlling their production need further characterization, but SCF, IL-2, IL-7, and IL-15 can stimulate NK cell development from progenitor cells in vitro.Subsets of NK cells also develop in the thymus and possibly other organs, such as lymph nodes, liver, and spleen. These sites may depend on the trafficking of bone marrow¨Cderived progenitor cells and/or immature NK cells into these organs from the blood, where they mature under the influence of microenvironmental factors.
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