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[交流] 美国三名科学家获2009诺贝尔生理学或医学奖

中国网10月5日电据诺贝尔基金会官方网站报道，诺贝尔瑞典卡罗林斯卡医学院宣布，将2009年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予美国加利福尼亚旧金山大学的伊丽莎白•布莱克本(Elizabeth Blackburn)、美国巴尔的摩约翰•霍普金斯医学院的卡罗尔•格雷德(Carol Greider)、美国哈佛医学院的杰克•绍斯塔克(Jack Szostak)。

　　三名科学家发现了端粒和端粒酶保护染色体的机理。三人将平分1000万瑞典克朗的奖金。(文/黄欢)

2009年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖颁奖词

　　中国网10月5日电据美联社报道，瑞典卡罗林斯卡医学院今天宣布，将2009年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予美国加利福尼亚旧金山大学的伊丽莎白-布莱克本、美国巴尔的摩约翰-霍普金斯医学院的卡罗尔-格雷德、美国哈佛医学院的杰克-绍斯塔克。颁奖词称，这三人之所以获得诺贝尔奖，是因为他们的研究对癌症和衰老研究具有重要的意义。以下是颁奖词节选。

　　“今年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖颁给三名科学家，他们解决了生物学的一个重大问题：在细胞分裂时染色体如何完整地自我复制以及染色体如何受到保护以免于退化。这三位诺贝尔奖获得者已经向我们展示，解决办法存在于染色体末端—端粒，以及形成端粒的酶—端粒酶。”

　　“携带基因信息的DNA线状长分子挤压形成染色体，端粒就像一顶高帽子置于染色体头上。伊丽莎白-布莱克本和杰克-绍斯塔克发现端粒的一种独特DNA序列能保护染色体免于退化。卡罗尔-格雷德和伊丽莎白-布莱克本确定了端粒酶，端粒酶是形成端粒DNA的成分。这些发现解释了染色体的末端是如何受到端粒的保护的，而且端粒是由端粒酶形成的。”

　　“如果端粒缩短了，细胞就会老化。相反，如果端粒酶的活动显著，端粒的长度也就能得以保持，并且细胞衰老也将延后。癌细胞就是一个例子，癌细胞被认为是具有永久生命力的。相反，某些特定的遗传疾病，会出现一些有缺陷的端粒酶这样的特征，导致损害细胞。对此诺贝尔奖颁给这一细胞基本机制的发现，这一发现有助于新的治疗措施的发展。”

　　总之，伊丽莎白-布莱克本、卡罗尔-格雷德以及杰克-绍斯塔克的发现提高了人们对于细胞的理解的深度，阐明了疾病机制，有助于未来新治疗方法的发展。(文/周翔)

STOCKHOLM – Americans Elizabeth Blackburn, Carol Greider and Jack Szostak were named winners of the 2009 Nobel Prize in medicine on Monday for research that has implications for cancer and aging research.

The trio solved a big problem in biology: how chromosomes can be "copied in a complete way during cell divisions and how they are protected against degradation," the citation said.

It said the laureates have shown that the solution is to be found in the ends of the chromosomes — the telomeres — and in an enzyme that forms them. Telomeres are often compared to the plastic tips at the end of shoe laces that keep those laces from unraveling.

"The discoveries by Blackburn, Greider and Szostak have added a new dimension to our understanding of the cell, shed light on disease mechanisms, and stimulated the development of potential new therapies," the prize committee said in its citation.

Blackburn, who holds U.S. and Australian citizenship, is a professor of biology and physiology at the University of California, San Francisco.

Greider is a professor in the department of molecular biology and genetics at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore.

London-born Szostak has been at Harvard Medical School since 1979 and is currently professor of genetics at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. He is also affiliated with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the citation said.

The award, announced Monday, includes a 10 million kronor ($1.4 million) purse, a diploma and an invitation to the prize ceremonies in Stockholm on Dec. 10.

The Nobel Prizes in physics, chemistry, literature and the Nobel Peace Prize will be announced later this week, while the economics award will be presented on Oct. 12.

Prize founder Alfred Nobel, a Swedish industrialist who invented dynamite, left few instructions on how to select winners, but medicine winners are typically awarded for a specific breakthrough rather than a body of research.

Nobel established the prizes in his will in 1895. The first awards were handed out six years later.

[ Last edited by purpleboy623 on 2009-10-5 at 20:50 ]

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