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[交流] 【资源】Elemental Speciation

It is a pleasure for me to introduce this volume on Elemental Speciation,
edited by J.A. Caruso, K.L. Sutton and K.L Ackley. The reason for
having such a book in the Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry series is
quite obvious: elemental speciation has grown so rapidly during the
last decades that a comprehensive overview was urgently needed.
Elemental speciation analysis of today bears little resemblance to the
speciation that many of us would have learnt thirty years ago.
The book contains fifteen chapters, each of them written by highly
recognised specialists in the field. The work considers the analytical
methods for speciation analysis as a whole, and for this reason it covers
the complete analytical process from sampling and sample preparation
to instrumentation. Separation methods, such as chromatography and
electrophoresis, are combined with the use of plasma detection,
including various forms of mass spectrometry.
The book gives a comprehensive view of the field by also including a
large number of applications in different areas like clinical, environmental
and biological chemistry, and ends with a chapter on quality
assurance aspects, e.g. the use of reference materials.
As the new Editor of the series, I would like to congratulate first of
all the Editors, for their excellent volume. I also would like to thank the
authors for the time and effort they put into preparing their chapters.
Without their co-operation and engagement this volume would
certainly not have been possible.
D. Barcel6
Research Professor
Department of Environmental Chemistry,
HUQAB-CSIC
Jordi Girona 18-26
08034 Barcelona
Spain
Introduction
Joseph A. Caruso, Kathryn L. Ackley and Karen L. Sutton
Elemental speciation is an information-rich method of trace element
analysis. It provides information about the actual chemical form of an
element rather than just its total amount in a sample. What is
elemental speciation, as the definition is generally understood? A
number of the chapters in this volume suggest definitions for elemental
speciation that closely overlap. However, Chapter 15 by Quevauviller
on quality assurance uses various related IUPAC definitions [1] and
they are reproduced here:
- Chemical species; species : specific form of a
chemical element defined as to molecular, complex, electronic or
nuclear structure.
- Speciation analysis : measurement of the
quantities of one or more individual chemical species in a sample.
- Speciation of an element; speciation: distribution of defined
chemical species of an element in a system.
From this we infer that "elemental speciation" may be defined as the
analyses that lead to determining the distribution of an element's
particular chemical species in a sample. Further, this will usually be
associated with oxidation state, organometallic nature or complex
form. The word "metal" or words containing it will be used loosely since
metalloids such as arsenic and selenium are common elements of
interest in elemental speciation studies. Major effort will be given to
elemental speciation studies in the next decade since total trace
element analyses often lack sufficient information to provide adequate
risk/benefit assessments. As examples, many people are aware of the
different risk or benefit levels associated with organoarsenicals or
organoselenium compounds. To adequately analyze for elemental
species requires much more development than for the total elemental
analysis.
Challenges include sampling and sample preparation, highly selective
separation methods well matched to the detector, and detectors to
give more elemental species information beyond that available from
the often used atmospheric pressure argon inductively coupled plasma,
which requires chromatographic retention time standards to be useful.
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