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lining206

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专业: 群落生态学

[交流] Types, evolution and signiﬁcance of plant – animal interactions

Interactions between plants and animals are analyzed starting from
the advantages gained by animals and proceeding to those gained exclusively
by plants. These interactions are essentially of ﬁve types: 1. predation of plants
by animals; 2. benevolence of plants towards certain animals to prevent or re-
duce predation; 3. predation by plants (carnivorous plants); 4. symbiosis and
mutualism; 5. seduction and deception of animals by plants for dispersal of
plant reproductive structures. All types of plants are preyed on by animals,
though fromas far back in evolution as algae, certain plantmolecules reduce or
prevent predation. In themost primitive land plants, other types of interactions
beneﬁcial for plants are encountered.More evolved land plants (angiosperms)
show all facets of the ﬁve types of interaction, whereas in prokaryotic and
eukaryotic algae there is only predation and in some cases countermeasures to
avoid it. An evolutionary path leading from predation, the original condition,
to seduction, deception and carnivory, is also postulated.

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