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COMPUTATIONAL MATERIALS ENGINEERING An Introduction to Microstructure Evolution
KOENRAAD G. F. JANSSENS
DIERK RAABE
ERNST KOZESCHNIK
MARK A. MIODOWNIK
BRITTA NESTLER
Preface xiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Microstructures Defined 1
1.2 Microstructure Evolution 2
1.3 Why Simulate Microstructure Evolution? 4
1.4 Further Reading 5
1.4.1 On Microstructures and Their Evolution from
a Noncomputational Point of View 5
1.4.2 On What Is Not Treated in This Book 6
2 Thermodynamic Basis of Phase Transformations 7
2.1 Reversible and Irreversible Thermodynamics 8
2.1.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics 8
2.1.2 The Gibbs Energy 11
2.1.3 Molar Quantities and the Chemical Potential 11
2.1.4 Entropy Production and the Second Law of
Thermodynamics 12
2.1.5 Driving Force for Internal Processes 15
2.1.6 Conditions for Thermodynamic Equilibrium 16
2.2 Solution Thermodynamics 18
2.2.1 Entropy of Mixing 19
2.2.2 The Ideal Solution 21
2.2.3 Regular Solutions 22
2.2.4 General Solutions in Multiphase Equilibrium 25
2.2.5 The Dilute Solution Limit¡ªHenry¡¯s and Raoult¡¯s Law 27
2.2.6 The Chemical Driving Force 28
2.2.7 Influence of Curvature and Pressure 30
2.2.8 General Solutions and the CALPHAD Formalism 33
2.2.9 Practical Evaluation of Multicomponent Thermodynamic
Equilibrium 40
7 Phase-Field Modeling 219
7.1 A Short Overview 220
7.2 Phase-Field Model for Pure Substances 222
7.2.1 Anisotropy Formulation 224
7.2.2 Material and Model Parameters 226
7.2.3 Application to Dendritic Growth 226
7.3 Case Study 228
7.3.1 Phase-Field Equation 229
7.3.2 Finite Difference Discretization 229
7.3.3 Boundary Values 231
7.3.4 Stability Condition 232
7.3.5 Structure of the Code 232
7.3.6 Main Computation 233
7.3.7 Parameter File 236
7.3.8 MatLab Visualization 237
7.3.9 Examples 238
7.4 Model for Multiple Components and Phases 241
7.4.1 Model Formulation 241
7.4.2 Entropy Density Contributions 242
7.4.3 Evolution Equations 245
7.4.4 Nondimensionalization 248
7.4.5 Finite Difference Discretization and Staggered Grid 249
7.4.6 Optimization of the Computational Algorithm 252
7.4.7 Parallelization 253
7.4.8 Adaptive Finite Element Method 253
7.4.9 Simulations of Phase Transitions and Microstructure
Evolution 253
7.5 Acknowledgments 265
8 Introduction to Discrete Dislocations Statics and Dynamics 267
8.1 Basics of Discrete Plasticity Models 267
8.2 Linear Elasticity Theory for Plasticity 268
8.2.1 Introduction 268
8.2.2 Fundamentals of Elasticity Theory 269
8.2.3 Equilibrium Equations 273
8.2.4 Compatibility Equations 274
8.2.5 Hooke¡¯s Law¡ªThe Linear Relationship between Stress and
Strain 275
8.2.6 Elastic Energy 280
8.2.7 Green¡¯s Tensor Function in Elasticity Theory 280
8.2.8 The Airy Stress Function in Elasticity Theory 283
8.3 Dislocation Statics 284
8.3.1 Introduction 284
8.3.2 Two-Dimensional Field Equations for Infinite Dislocations
in an Isotropic Linear Elastic Medium 285
8.3.3 Two-Dimensional Field Equations for Infinite Dislocations
in an Anisotropic Linear Elastic Medium 287
8.3.4 Three-Dimensional Field Equations for Dislocation Segments
in an Isotropic Linear Elastic Medium 289
8.3.5 Three-Dimensional Field Equations for Dislocation Segments
in an Anisotropic Linear Elastic Medium 292
8.4 Dislocation Dynamics 298
8.4.1 Introduction 298
8.4.2 Newtonian Dislocation Dynamics 299
8.4.3 Viscous and Viscoplastic Dislocation Dynamics 307
8.5 Kinematics of Discrete Dislocation Dynamics 310
8.6 Dislocation Reactions and Annihilation 311
9 Finite Elements for Microstructure Evolution 317
9.1 Fundamentals of Differential Equations 317
9.1.1 Introduction to Differential Equations 317
9.1.2 Solution of Partial Differential Equations 320
9.2 Introduction to the Finite Element Method 321
9.3 Finite Element Methods at the Meso- and Macroscale 322
9.3.1 Introduction and Fundamentals 322
9.3.2 The Equilibrium Equation in FE Simulations 324
9.3.3 Finite Elements and Shape Functions 324
9.3.4 Assemblage of the Stiffness Matrix 327
9.3.5 Solid-State Kinematics for Mechanical Problems 329
9.3.6 Conjugate Stress¨CStrain Measures 331
Index 335
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