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求腐蚀领域的学者帮忙检查下翻译
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英译中 For infrastructure applications in marine environments, the eventual initiation of corrosion (and pitting) of steels (and other metals and alloys) often is assumed an inescapable fact, and practical interest then centres on the rate at which corrosion damage is likely to occur in the future. This demands models with a reasonable degree of accuracy, preferably anchored in corrosion theory and calibrated to actual observations under realistic exposure conditions. Recent developments in the understanding of the development of corrosion loss and of maximum pit depth in particular are reviewed in light of modern techniques that permit much closer examination of pitted and corroded surfaces. From these observations, and from sometimes forgotten or ignored observations in the literature, it is proposed that pitting (and crevice corrosion) plays an important role in the overall corrosion process, but that longer term pitting behaviour is considerably more complex than usually considered. In turn, this explains much of the, often high, variability in maximum depths of pits observed at any point in time. The practical implications are outlined. 对于基础设施在海洋环境中的应用，钢及其它金属与合金的腐蚀（点蚀）的发生是难以避免的，人们真正感兴趣的是产生腐蚀损坏的腐蚀速率。这需要有合理准确的模型，最好以腐蚀理论为基础，并根据实际暴露条件下的观察进行校准。审阅现代技术对腐蚀损失的发展，特别是对最大蚀坑深度的研究的最新进展，会发现这些新技术允许更仔细地检查点蚀和锈蚀表面。从这些观察结果以及被遗忘或忽略的文献中来看，点蚀（和缝隙腐蚀）在整个腐蚀过程中起着重要作用，但长期点蚀行为比通常考虑的要复杂得多。反过来，这解释了在任何时间点观察到的最大蚀坑深度都是变化的，通常是高变量。这概述实际应用的含义。 This article presents a synthesis of recent studies focused on the corrosion product layers forming on carbon steel in natural seawater and the link between the composition of these layers and the corrosion mechanisms. Additional new experimental results are also presented to enlighten some important points. First, the composition and stratification of the layers produced by uniform corrosion are described. A focus is made on the mechanism of formation of the sulfate green rust because this compound is the first solid phase to precipitate from the dissolved species produced by the corrosion of the steel surface. Secondly, localized corrosion processes are discussed. In any case, they involve galvanic couplings between anodic and cathodic zones of the metal surface and are often associated with heterogeneous corrosion product layers. The variations of the composition of these layers with the anodic/cathodic character of the underlying metal surface, and in particular the changes in magnetite content, are thoroughly described and analyzed to enlighten the self-sustaining ability of the process. Finally, corrosion product layers formed on permanently immersed steel surfaces were exposed to air. Their drying and oxidation induced the formation of akaganeite, a common product of marine atmospheric corrosion that was, however, not detected on the steel surface after the permanent immersion period. 本文综述了近期关于天然海水中碳钢腐蚀产物以及这些腐蚀产物层的组成与联系的一系列研究，尤其是关于腐蚀机制的。文章还提供了新的实验结果以阐明一些重要的观点。首先描述了由均匀腐蚀产生各层的组成情况及分层情况。讨论的一个重点是硫酸盐绿锈的形成机理，因为这种化合物是钢表面腐蚀产生的溶解物质中沉淀出来的第一个固相。其次，探讨了局部腐蚀过程。在任何情况下，它们都涉及金属表面阳极区和阴极区之间的电流耦合，并且通常与异质腐蚀产物层有关。充分描述与分析了腐蚀层的组成变化与金属表面底层的阳极/阴极特征，特别是磁铁矿含量的关系，以阐明该过程的自发性。最后，在永久浸没的钢表面上形成的腐蚀产物层暴露在空气中。它们的干燥和氧化导致了赤镁石的形成，这是一种海洋大气腐蚀的常见产物，但是在永久浸泡后在钢表面上没有检测到 A perspective is presented on the evolution of damage due to environmentally assisted cracking (EAC), from crack precursor development through to long crack growth. The variable nature of crack precursors is highlighted with an observation that uncontrolled chemistry excursions or fabrication defects could eliminate any significant delay associated with that step in the damage evolution process. Specimen preparation by machining and grinding can be critical in determining the apparent susceptibility of the metal to EAC and corrosion, and an example for 316L stainless steel is given to show how physical defects generated by the grinding wheel can become the dominant site for pitting attack relative to MnS inclusions. Corrosion pits are the most commonly observed precursor to cracks in aqueous chloride environments. The loci of sites of crack initiation around a pit are discussed and the inherent challenges in quantifying the growth of cracks smaller than the pit depth described with implications for modelling of the pit-to-crack transition. The remarkably enhanced stress corrosion crack growth rate data for short and small cracks in a 12Cr steam turbine blade in a simulated condensate environment are discussed in the context of crack electrochemistry modelling and the implications for engineering integrity. 介绍了环境辅助开裂 (EAC) 造成的损伤演变，从裂纹前体发展到长裂纹扩展。不受控制的化学偏移或制造缺陷可以消除任何损伤演变过程的重大延迟。通过机械加工和磨削制备的试样对于确定金属对 EAC 和腐蚀的敏感性至关重要，以 316L 不锈钢为例，砂轮造成的物理缺陷相对于 MnS 夹杂的点蚀是占据主导因素。腐蚀坑是氯化物水溶液环境中最常见的裂纹前体。讨论了坑周围裂纹萌生位置的位置，以及量化小于坑深度的裂纹扩展的固有挑战，对坑到裂纹过渡的建模有影响。在裂纹电化学建模及其对工程完整性的影响的背景下，讨论了模拟冷凝环境中 12Cr 汽轮机叶片中短裂纹和小裂纹的显着增强的应力腐蚀裂纹扩展速率数据。 |
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