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[资源] 【资源】胶体化学Particles in water : properties and processes 【已搜索无重复】

【2006Taylor & Francis胶体化学新书】Particles in Water 水体中的颗粒物
Particles in water : properties and processes

Contents
Chapter one Introduction..................................................................................1
1.1 Particles in the aquatic environment..........................................................1
1.1.1 Origin and nature..............................................................................1
1.1.2 Particle size ranges............................................................................2
1.1.3 Effects of particles in water .............................................................5
1.2 Colloidal aspects ............................................................................................5
1.2.1 Classification of colloids ..................................................................6
1.2.2 Stability of hydrophobic colloids ...................................................7
1.2.3 Particle separation processes...........................................................8
Further reading .......................................................................................................8
Chapter two Particle size and related properties.........................................9
2.1 Particle size and shape..................................................................................9
2.2 Particle size distributions ...........................................................................10
2.2.1 General..............................................................................................10
2.2.2 The log-normal distribution ..........................................................14
2.2.3 The power law distribution...........................................................17
2.3 Particle transport..........................................................................................19
2.3.1 Fluid drag .........................................................................................20
2.3.2 Diffusion ...........................................................................................22
2.3.3 Sedimentation ..................................................................................23
2.3.4 Effect of particle size.......................................................................25
2.4 Light scattering and turbidity....................................................................26
2.4.1 General..............................................................................................26
2.4.2 Turbidity and light transmission..................................................28
2.4.3 Rayleigh theory ...............................................................................30
2.4.4 Mie theory ........................................................................................33
2.4.5 Anomalous diffraction....................................................................37
2.4.6 Rayleigh-Gans-Debye scattering...................................................38
2.5 Measurement of particle size .....................................................................38
2.5.1 Direct methods (microscopy) ........................................................39
2.5.2 Particle counting and sizing..........................................................40
2.5.3 Static light scattering ......................................................................43
2.5.4 Fraunhofer diffraction ....................................................................44
?2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
2.5.5 Dynamic light scattering................................................................44
2.5.6 Sedimentation methods..................................................................45
Further reading .....................................................................................................46
Chapter three Surface charge .........................................................................47
3.1 Origin of surface charge .............................................................................47
3.1.1 Dissolution of constituent ions .....................................................47
3.1.2 Surface ionization............................................................................49
3.1.3 Isomorphous substitution..............................................................51
3.1.4 Specific adsorption of ions ............................................................51
3.2 The electrical double layer .........................................................................52
3.2.1 The double layer at a flat interface ..............................................52
3.2.2 Charge and potential distribution in the double layer.............55
3.2.3 Spherical particles ...........................................................................57
3.3 Electrokinetic phenomena ..........................................................................58
3.3.1 The plane of shear and the zeta potential ..................................59
3.3.2 Electrophoresis and electrophoretic mobility.............................60
Further reading .....................................................................................................62
Chapter four Colloid interactions and colloid stability...........................63
4.1 Colloid interactions ?general concepts .................................................63
4.1.1 Importance of particle size ............................................................63
4.1.2 Force and potential energy............................................................64
4.1.3 Geometry of interacting systems..................................................65
4.1.4 Types of interaction.........................................................................66
4.2 van der Waals interaction...........................................................................67
4.2.1 Intermolecular forces ......................................................................67
4.2.2 Interaction between macroscopic objects ....................................67
4.2.3 Hamaker constants .........................................................................70
4.2.4 Effect of dispersion medium .........................................................72
4.2.5 Retardation .......................................................................................74
4.3 Electrical double-layer interaction ............................................................75
4.3.1 Basic assumptions ...........................................................................75
4.3.2 Interaction between flat plates and spheres ...............................76
4.4 Combined interaction ?DLVO theory ...................................................78
4.4.1 Potential energy diagram...............................................................78
4.4.2 Effect of ionic strength ?critical coagulation
concentration....................................................................................80
4.4.3 Specific counterion adsorption .....................................................84
4.4.4 Stability ratio....................................................................................86
4.5 Non-DLVO interactions ..............................................................................88
4.5.1 Hydration effects .............................................................................88
4.5.2 Hydrophobic attraction ..................................................................89
4.5.3 Steric repulsion ................................................................................90
4.5.4 Polymer bridging ............................................................................91
Further reading .....................................................................................................92
?2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Chapter five Aggregation kinetics.................................................................93
5.1 Collision frequency ?Smoluchowski theory ........................................93
5.2 Collision mechanisms..................................................................................94
5.2.1 Brownian diffusion ?perikinetic aggregation..........................95
5.2.2 Fluid shear ?orthokinetic aggregation ...................................102
5.2.3 Differential sedimentation ...........................................................105
5.2.4 Comparison of rates .....................................................................106
5.2.5 Effect of hydrodynamic interactions..........................................107
5.3 Form of aggregates ....................................................................................109
5.3.1 Fractals ............................................................................................ 110
5.3.2 Collision rate of fractal aggregates............................................. 113
5.3.3 Density of fractal aggregates....................................................... 115
5.4 Strength and breakage of aggregates ..................................................... 116
Further reading ................................................................................................... 119
Chapter six Coagulation and flocculation .................................................121
6.1 Terminology ................................................................................................121
6.1.1 揅oagulation?and 揻locculation?..............................................121
6.1.2 Destabilizing agents......................................................................122
6.2 Hydrolyzing metal coagulants ................................................................123
6.2.1 Hydrolysis of metal cations.........................................................123
6.2.2 Polynuclear hydrolysis products................................................126
6.2.3 Action of hydrolyzing coagulants..............................................127
6.2.4 Charge neutralization by adsorbed species..............................127
6.2.5 揝weep?flocculation ....................................................................129
6.2.6 Overview ........................................................................................131
6.2.7 Practical aspects.............................................................................132
6.3 Polymeric flocculants ................................................................................133
6.3.1 Nature of polymers and polyelectrolytes in solution .............133
6.3.2 Examples of polymeric flocculants ............................................135
6.3.3 Polymer adsorption ......................................................................137
6.3.4 Bridging flocculation ....................................................................139
6.3.5 Charge neutralization and 揺lectrostatic patch?effects .........140
6.3.6 Kinetic aspects of polymer flocculation ....................................142
6.3.7 Applications ...................................................................................147
Further reading ...................................................................................................148
Chapter seven Separation methods ............................................................149
7.1 Introduction ................................................................................................149
7.2 Flocculation processes...............................................................................149
7.2.1 Rapid mixing .................................................................................150
7.2.2 Floc formation................................................................................151
7.3 Sedimentation.............................................................................................153
7.3.1 Basics ...............................................................................................153
7.3.2 Sedimentation in practice ............................................................154
7.3.3 Upflow clarifiers............................................................................156
?2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
7.4 Flotation.......................................................................................................157
7.4.1 General............................................................................................157
7.4.2 Dissolved air flotation ..................................................................158
7.5 Filtration ......................................................................................................162
7.5.1 Deep bed filtration ........................................................................162
7.5.2 Membrane filtration......................................................................170
Further reading ...................................................................................................173

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