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Contents 1. Introduction................................................................ 1 2. Powder Metallurgy Processes and Materials ....... 5 2.1 METAL POWDER PRODUCTION ................................................................ 5 2.1.1 Reduction of iron oxides .................................................................................. 6 2.1.2 Water atomisation of metal powders ............................................................... 9 2.1.3 Water atomisation of prealloyed powders ..................................................... 12 2.1.4 Oil atomisation .............................................................................................. 14 2.1.5 Inert gas atomisation .................................................................................... 14 2.2 CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS ... OF METAL POWDERS ................................................................................ 15 2.2.1 Basic characteristics of some iron and prealloyed powders ........................ 15 2.2.2 Impurities ...................................................................................................... 17 2.3 MIXING AND COMPACTION ..................................................................... 20 2.3.1 Cold die compaction ...................................................................................... 21 2.3.2 Warm compaction ......................................................................................... 23 2.3.3 New and developing compaction processes ................................................... 24 2.3.3.1 Cold die pressing with cross holes ............................................................................. 24 2.3.3.2.Warm flow compaction .............................................................................................. 24 2.3.3.3 High energy compaction ............................................................................................ 26 2.3.4. Powder forging and cold forging .................................................................. 27 2.3.4.1 Powder forging ........................................................................................................... 28 vii 2.3.4.2 Cold forging ............................................................................................................... 29 2.4 SINTERING................................................................................................... 30 2.4.1 Sintering temperature and time ................................................................... 32 2.4.2 Sintering atmosphere ................................................................................... 33 2.4.3 Carbon ........................................................................................................... 42 2.4.4 Sintering under getter .................................................................................. 44 2.4.5 Vacuum sintering ......................................................................................... 44 2.5 ALLOYING METHODS AND ALLOYING ELEMENTS .............................. 45 2.5.1 Alloying methods .......................................................................................... 45 2.5.1.1.Mixed alloy steels ....................................................................................................... 46 2.5.1.2 Diffusion alloyed steels .............................................................................................. 48 2.5.1.3 Prealloying ................................................................................................................. 50 2.5.1.4 Hybrid systems ............................................................................................................. 51 2.5.1.5 Coating and infiltration ............................................................................................ 52 2.5.2 Alloying elements ......................................................................................... 53 2.5.2.1 Alloying elements with low oxygen affinity ............................................................. 53 2.5.2.2 Alloying elements with high oxygen affinity ........................................................... 58 2.6 SECONDARY OPERATIONS ...................................................................... 63 2.6.1 Mechanical .................................................................................................... 63 2.6.2 Sintered gears from manganese steel without surface densification for high dynamic loading ............................................................................................ 67 2.6.3 Heat treatment and surface hardening ......................................................... 68 2.6.3.1 Through hardening ................................................................................................... 70 2.6.3.2 Sinter hardening ........................................................................................................ 71 2.6.3.3 Case (surface) hardening ........................................................................................... 73 2.6.4 Hardfacing..................................................................................................... 73 2.6.5 Steam treatment and coating ........................................................................ 73 2.7 POROSITY AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SINTERED IRON AND STEEL ........................................................................................................... 74 2.7.1 Sintered iron ................................................................................................. 75 2.7.2 Iron¨Ccarbon, iron¨Ccopper steel .................................................................... 77 3. Principles of Machining of Steel ........................... 80 ¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£ http://d.namipan.com/d/b222ae410a5dc56d789014b0e593701b9595a146eee66600 [ Last edited by zjys5887 on 2009-8-7 at 14:59 ] |
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