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Salt-Rejecting Solar Interfacial Evaporation防盐蒸发
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Solar evaporation offers a promising approach to energetically drive the distillation process, and nanotechnology will help overcome operational hindrances such as salt fouling. Herein, we discuss this new opportunity for application of salt-rejecting solar evaporation to enhance the sustainability of desalination. Within the framework, phase diagrams and salt crystallization physics are firstly revisited to understand the phase transitions of water as well as the formation and growth of salt crystals. Salting-out and salt-free evaporating systems are then structured and discussed towards better solar desalination. The salt-rejecting techniques to be covered include subsequent flushing, self-cleaning, local crystallization, gravity-assisted cleaning, anti-clogging layer, Janus membranes, concentrating and diffusion, gap separation. The principles of these novel systems are fully addressed, and the performance requirements are elaborated together with the advantages but also the limitations. Finally, the remaining challenges and future research opportunities are highlighted for further development of solar evaporation technology. |
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