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Current Biology, 25 June 2009 doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.05.070

EEG Responses to Visual Landmarks in Flying Pigeons

Alexei L. Vyssotski1,7,,,Giacomo Dell'Omo1,Gaia Dell'Ariccia1,Andrei N. Abramchuk2,Andrei N. Serkov1,3,Alexander V. Latanov3,Alberto Loizzo4,David P. Wolfer1,5,6andHans-Peter Lipp1

1 Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
2 Moscow Institute of Electronic Technology, Passage 4806, Bldg. 5, 124498 Zelenograd, Russia
3 Chair of Higher Nervous System Activity, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Vorobievi Gori 1-12, 119992 Moscow, Russia
4 Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, 299 Viale Regina Elena, 00161 Rome, Italy
5 Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
6 Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
7 Present address: Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland

GPS analysis of flight trajectories of pigeons can reveal that topographic features influence their flight paths. Recording electrical brain activity that reflects attentional processing could indicate objects of interest that do not cause changes in the flight path. Therefore, we investigated whether crossing particular visual landmarks when homing from a familiar release site is associated with changes in EEG.Birds carried both data-loggers for recording GPS position and EEG during flight. First, we classified characteristic EEG frequencies of caged birds and found five main bands: A: 03, B: 312, C: 1260, D: 60130, and E: 130200 Hz. We analyzed changes in these activity bands when pigeons were released over sea (a featureless environment) and over land. Passing over the coastline and other prominent landmarks produced a pattern of EEG alterations consisting of two phases: activation of EEG in the high-frequency bands (D and/or E), followed by activation of C.Overlaying the EEG activity with GPS tracks allowed us to identify topographical features of interest for the pigeons that were not recognizable by distinct changes of their flight path.We provide evidence that EEG analysis can identify landmarks and objects of interest during homing. Middle-frequency activity (C) reflects visual perception of prominent landmarks, whereas activation of higher frequencies (D and E) is linked with information processing at a higher level. Activation of E bands is likely to reflect an initial process of orientation and is not necessarily linked with processing of visual information.
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