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43)已发现的遗留物中最早期的都是生活在海洋中的相当简单的物种。后来的形状更复杂,当中有海合,有着长手臂、由一根通向海底或岩石的长茎吸附的星鱼亲系。也有蟹类生物,它们的身体由角状物覆盖。身体部分每边有两对脚。一对是用来在沙底行走,另一对用来游泳。头是一种防护物,上面有一双复合眼,通常有成千上万个透镜。
  44)甲壳类动物在岩石里有很长的历史,许多不同的种类已为人类所知。这当中,菊石是很有趣和重要的种类。它们有一个由许多小室组成的壳,每一个代表它临时的家。当一个年幼的菊石长大,它就自己生成一个新室而封存原先那个。在多西特海滩的岩石里可见到成千上万个这样的东西。
  45)最初真正的脊椎动物是鱼,最早被发现的生活于三亿七千五百万年前。大约在三百百万年前,两栖动物即既能生活在陆地又能生活在水里的动物出现了。它们很大,有时有八英尺长。许多生活在沼泽地里,那里也是煤炭断层形成的地方。两栖动物滋生了爬虫动物。在近一百五十百万年里这些是生活在陆地海洋和空气里的生物的最初形式。
  在约七十五百万年前,爬虫纪过去,许多种类灭绝。哺乳动物迅速发展,我们可以追溯出许多熟悉动物的进化轨迹如大象和马。许多后来的哺乳动物尽管现在已经灭绝,但却为原始人所知,这在他们的壁画和骨骼雕刻中可以发现。
  (二)2005年真题解析
  Directions:
  In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 4145, choose the most suitable one from the list AG to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
  Canadas premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce healthcare costs.
  Theyre all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastestgrowing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.
  41.
  What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care—to say nothing of reports from other experts—recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.
  42.
  But “national”doesnt have to mean that. “National” could mean interprovincial—provinces combining efforts to create one body. Either way, one benefit of a “national” organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province—or a series of hospitals within a province—negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces. Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.
  43.
  A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to join.
  A few premiers are suspicious of any federalprovincial dealmaking. They (particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any, strings attached. Thats one reason why the idea of a national list hasnt gone anywhere, while drug costs keep rising fast.
  44.
  Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanows report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs.
  “A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to try to constrain the everincreasing cost of drugs.”
  45.
  So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients.
  [A] Quebecs resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebecs Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 per cent to 26.8 per cent!
  [B] Or they could read Mr. Kirbys report: “The substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescriptiondrug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies.”
  [C] What does “national” mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federalprovincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.
  [D] The problem is simple and stark: healthcare costs have been, are, and will continue to increase faster than government revenues.
  [E] According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall healthcare spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices.
  [F] So, if the provinces want to run the healthcare show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices.
  [G] Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers, they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldnt like a national agency, but selfinterest would lead them to deal with it.
  答案与解析
  41【答案】E
  【解析】
  本题上面一段讲的中心是药品价钱,经过分析这七个选项发觉,选项E在归纳句子,和上面的也有连贯性,哪一个选项当中包含了药价这个概念呢?E选项说根据某某机构的观点,自从1997年以来,处方药价格的增长速率是全国健康福利支出增长速度的2倍。这种增长一部分是因为药物代替了某些治疗手段,一部分是因为新药品的价格总是比原来药品价格高。那么这个选项说的就是这样一个事实,所以E为正确答案。
  42【答案】C
  【解析】如果只要上下一加就很明显发现,句中出现最多的就是国家这个词,空后文字非常典型,提到But “national” doesnt have to mean that。很明显这是一个转折,表明空处所填的选项,要和这一句话形成转折关系,而且空里面要出现“national”的定义,就是说很有可能要出现“national”这个词儿。哪一个选项里面包含这个词呢?C选项提到national为正确答案。
  43【答案】G
  【解析】在上一段所讲的是国家要对药品进行一种控制,空前文字举例说明全国性代理机构的好处,举了魁北克的例子,选项应该围绕着这个问题来选,正确答案选G,很好的保持了文章的一致性,G选项说“当然药厂不会同意,他们喜欢散客买家,那样他们可以暗中运作,他们甚至可能会威胁着要把一个省的工作机会转移到另一个省,但是,处于利益的驱使,他们又不得不这样做。
  44【答案】F
  【解析】有两个选择可以选进去的,我们可以根据这篇文章总体的情感来判断,前面一段直接讲的就是,人们对于整体药品的价格,以及国家的机构都是抱怨的态度,空前有两段文字,第一段最后提到魁北克拒绝加入全国性代理机构。而第二段提到有很多省府官员对于这种全国性代理机构持怀疑态度,可以发现这里仍然推行全国性代理机构的设想所遇到的阻力,接下来当然会谈到怎么处理这个阻力?F选项,非常明确的说明了“所以如果某些省想完成健康福利的任务,他们就必须有完成这个任务的能力,他们还必须节约管理成本,防止一个省和另一个省之间的斗争,而且还要尽量争取更好的药价。”所以选项A和F相比,F要更符合这篇文章情感的一致性,所以选F,这个空很多同学填的都是A,A选项说:“魁北克抵制全国性代理机构,是这个省自己的意识形态问题”。
  45【答案】B
  【解析】上面出现了一个“人们怎么样说”最后一段也讲了,他们聚在首都,不断谈论这个事情,这个一致性,本题应该选B。空前文字提到也许这些官员们应该看一看罗马诺的关于药品的论述,当然这个空应该接着谈,还可以读一读前面文章提到的另外一个人科尔比的关于药品的报告,这两个人在前面的文章里面都是同时被提到的,而且他们都提倡说建立一个这样全国性机构非常不错。
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