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【原创】2009 Materials Research Society Spring Meeting Scene - Day 4
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2009 MRS Spring Meeting April 13 - 17, 2009 San Francisco, California DAY 4 THURSDAY, APRIL 16 The 2009 Materials Research Society (MRS) Spring Meeting continued on Thursday with a full slate of technical sessions, the final day of the exhibit, the announcement of the results of the Science as Art Competition, and a number of Government Funding Seminars. For a different perspective on the Meeting, we highly encourage you to view the work of our student bloggers. (Comments on the blog entries are very much welcomed and appreciated!) Congratulations to the following winners of the 2010 MRS Spring Meeting Registration and Marriott Hotel Room Nights Package. Winners will receive complete details on how to claim this package via email within two weeks Joo In Lee, KRISS Katharine Page, Los Alamos National Laboratory Suzette Pangrle Jian Shen, University of California, San Diego Lester Toy  The Meeting Chairs with symposium X speakers from Wednesday (Materials for the Developing World) along with a bamboo frame bicycle on display at the product showcase CONTENTS Symposium X: Sean Brennan - Astro-materials Research of Comet Wild-2 Poster Awards Technical Sessions Science as Art Competition Government Funding Seminars Spring Meeting Facebook Group MRS Meetings Blog 2009 MRS Spring Meeting Proceedings SYMPOSIUM X: SEAN BRENNAN Astro-materials Research of Comet Wild-2: Gigameters to Nanometers  In January of 2004, the Stardust NASA mission intercepted Comet 81P/Wild 2 and collected particles from the tail of the comet. These hundreds of micron-sized particles were returned to Earth early in 2006 and have been characterized by an international collaboration of physicists, chemists, and materials scientists. The goal of the mission, said Sean Brennan (Stanford University) during his Symposium X presentation on Thursday, was to study materials that had formed in a region of the solar system too far from the sun to have been affected by its radiation. Scientists expected Comet 81P/Wild 2 to be a pristine remnant of the nebular material that formed the solar system because it has spent most of the last 4.6 Gyr in the Kuiper belt beyond the orbit of Neptune, some 50 astronomical units (AU) from the Sun. Most of what we know about the early solar system comes from meteorites, which emanate from the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter, less than 5 AU from the Sun. However, bodies in the asteroid belt have been heavily processed, both due to radiation from the Sun as well as collision interactions with other bodies in the belt. In 1974, a close encounter with Jupiter radically changed the comet’s orbit and made the sample return mission possible. The Stardust mission, launched in 1999, met the comet in the region between Mars and Earth and collected particles streaming from the comet (due to the heat of the sun) during a 3 min. time period. The cometary material, consisting of grains ranging from 10 microns down to 3) silica foam, to minimize the effects of deceleration from 6.1 km/s. These samples represent the first solid samples returned from a known parent body since the Soviet Luna mission of 1976.  The comet samples have been studied by a wide variety of analytical instruments including transmission electron microscopy, secondary ion mass spectrometry and x-ray diffraction, fluorescence and microscopy. The most surprising results of these studies are the similarities and differences between comet 81P/Wild 2 and meteorites collected in low-earth orbit. The cometary grains contain mineral crystal structures that require high temperatures to be formed (in some cases, >1400 K), completely inconsistent with their presumed formation 50 AU from the Sun. Yet the heterogeneity of the minerals found in the cometary grains is also inconsistent with any but the most primitive of meteorites. These results can only make sense if the materials found in comet 81P/Wild 2 were formed close to the Sun after it ignited and then transported out to their location in the Kuiper Belt. This exciting result has been the first solid evidence for “radial transport” during solar system formation, something postulated by several theoretical astrophysicists. Among the highlights of the work, tomographic reconstructions of x-ray images collected using the full-field x-ray microscope at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL) were presented, showing the morphology of the grains still entrapped in aerogel. Because of the penetrating power of x-rays, several micron grains can be imaged intact, whereas electron-based probes require sample preparation prior to characterization. POSTER AWARDS The following poster authors were presented with Outstanding Poster Awards at Thursday night's poster session.  (Author unavailable for photo.) A18.2 Structural Properties of a-Si:H Films with Improved Stability against Light Induced Degradation Gijs van Elzakker1, Pavol Sutta2 and Miro Zeman1; 1Delft Institute of Microsystems and Nanoelectronics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands; 2New Technologies - Research Centre, University of West Bohemia, Plzen, Czech Republic.  V9.35 Self Assembling Hybrid Materials for Solar Cells Maria Carmen Lechmann1 and Jochen S Gutmann1,2; 1Polymer Physiks, MPI-P, Mainz, Germany; 2Physical Chemistry, University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany.  II9.4 Mechanical Properties of Nano-Thin Films by Use of Atomic Force Acoustic Microscopy Malgorzata Kopycinska-Mueller2,1, Andre Striegler1,2, Arnd Huerrich3, Bernd Koehler1, Norbert Meyendorf1 and Klaus-Juergen Wolter2; 1NDE for Micro- and Nanostrauctures, Fraunhofer Institute for Non-Destructive Testing, IZFP-D, Dresden, Germany; 2Electronics Packaging Laboratory IAVT, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany; 3Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems IPMS, Dresden, Germany. TECHNICAL SESSIONS Symposium JJ: Nanoscale Electromechanics and Piezoresponse Force Microscopy of Inorganic, Macromolecular, and Biological Systems Probing Electro-mechanical Coupling in Biological Systems  Coupling between electrical signals and mechanical motion in biological systems is essential to life and many biopolymers are piezoelectric. Little is known, however, about the effect of electrical stimuli on the chemistry and functionality of biological systems, particularly at the nanoscale. B. J. Rodriguez (University College Dublin, Ireland) presented interesting work on probing electromechanical coupling in biological systems. Studying electromechanical coupling in biological systems requires the ability to apply bias in physiological environments and to measure small displacements at the cellular and molecular level of soft materials. Piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) is widely used to probe electromechanical phenomena in ferroelectric materials and in recent years PFM has been employed to study piezoelectric biomaterials. Rodriguez presented examples of electromechanical imaging of cellular and biomolecular systems, including human teeth (dentin vs enamel), collagen as well as other tissues. Nanoscale piezoelectricity is ubiquitous in biosystems due to the combination of polar bonds and optical activity in biopolymers. He also discussed PFM of cellular systems including red blood cells and yeast cells. He mentioned the use of liquid PFM of cells in solution. Work is currently ongoing to address separation of the electromechanical response from electrostatic, elastic and topographic contributions, and to relate the electromechanical response to biofunctionality.  Symposium BB: Material Systems and Processes for Three-Dimensional Micro- and Nanoscale Fabrication and Lithography Dynamic Nano Inscribing Technique Creates Continuous, Seamless Metal and Polymer Nano Gratings There is increasing demand for nano-scale gratings and channel structures in bio- and optics industries, which has stimulated several technologies such as laser interference lithography, nano ruling and nanoimprint lithography. S. Ahn (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor) introduced a new nanofabrication technique termed Dynamic Nano Inscribing (DNI) for directly creating true continuous nano-grating patterns in a variety of metal or polymer materials, with linewidths down to 70 nm, at extremely high speed (~100 mm/sec) at room temperature. DNI uses the sharp edge of a tilted Si mold to directly inscribe a moving substrate to form seamless gratings patterns at room temperature. DNI relies on the plastic deformation of the inscribed material under gradually increased pressure over a very small contact region, therefore continuous linear patterns on various polymers, metals or even harder materials such as ITO were successfully created by using a very low applied force (few tens of Newtons).  Symposium NN: Active Polymers Schizophrenic Molecules and Materials with Multiple Personalities Chemical sensors are devices that provide information about binding events happening at the interface between a sensitive film/membrane and a sample chemical. The function of the sensitive film/membrane is to ensure that the binding at this interface is as selective as possible. The binding event is further coupled with a transduction mechanism of some kind. However, these sensitive interfaces will clearly change over time. Thus, the response characteristics of chemical sensors and biosensors will change with time, leading to gradual decrease in sensitivity, loss of selectivity and baseline drift. R. Byrne (Dublin City University, Ireland) in his talk discussed the possible use of materials that can be switched reversibly between two or more different personalities with radically different characteristics (hence the term schizophrenic molecules and materials). These are adaptive or stimulus responsive materials. He discussed photoswitchable materials, spiropyran and merocyanine, that change to one another and change color upon UV or visible light irradiation. Byrne and his colleagues have developed a device termed the discophotometer incorporating LEDs for monitoring metal ions. He also discussed the use of ionic liquids as new materials for photoswitching. Finally he described work on photoresponsive ionogels, which are polymeric gels doped with ionic liquids. He concluded by suggesting that the stimulus-responsive function can be fully integrated into fibers, textiles and fabrics.  Symposium NN: Active Polymers Photo-Mechanical Effect in Azo-Polymers Polymers containing azobenzene are photo-reversible materials that can be used for a variety of optical and photonic applications. Recently, azo-polymers have also been shown to respond physically and mechanically to light, to act as all-optical patterning materials, and photo-mechanical devices. C. Barrett (McGill University, Canada) described the photo-mechanical effect in azo-polymers. Irradiation with CW light was shown to lead to a reversible photo-expansion of these films, of up to a few %, allowing the materials to function as photo-mechanical switches or light-actuators. Barrett demonstrated simple macroscopic devices that take advantage of this effect for larger scale motion driven by light, including bending, rolling, and 'walking'. Essentially the azo-materials can expand or contract on irradiation, and this photo-mechanical effect can be applied as a light-driven muscle. A wide range of basic mechanical motions are feasible, powered only by light after clever engineering and optimization.  Symposium OO: Materials and Strategies for Lab-on-a-Chip Direct FIB Fabrication and Integration of “Single Nanopore Devices” for Manipulating Macromolecules Nanopores allow for the confinement and study of single macromolecules (such as DNA) in the nanometer scale with a temporal resolution of some microseconds. Birgitta Schiedt (CNRS-LPN, Marcoussis, France) described the use of an FIB system to form a hole directly at a specified location on a film for a single nanopore device. The pore size for such a device needs to be comparable to the size of the molecule to be analyzed. It should also allow for the ability to add further functionality and should be reproducible in quantities. Her group thus used a NanoFIB and an automated patterning platform for this purpose. After a single nanopore was formed, four lines were inscribed around it (forming a cross) using a low dose to be able to locate the pore in a TEM or even an optical microscope. They were able to form a 8 nm pore in 50 nm thick SiN and a 3 nm pore in 20 nm thick SiC. Schiedt reported the first translocation results for a ?-DNA molecule and a fibronectin molecule, thus demonstrating the successful use of such single nanopore devices for single-molecule biosensing.  SCIENCE AS ART COMPETITION Six entries to the 2009 MRS Spring Meeting "Science as Art" competition were chosen as winners. Five of the six winners are shown below. Click an image for a low-resolution close-up of the entry. (Higher-res images will be posted to the MRS Web site at a later date.)  Nikolai Chekurov  Adam Jakus  James Weaver  Wei-Fang Su  Adam Steele GOVERNMENT FUNDING SEMINARS MATERIALS SUPPORT AT THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE U.S. Department of Defense Supports Basic Materials Research  The goal of seeking “unprecedented materials properties” reverberated across the Department of Defense government seminars this year. David Stepp of the Materials Science Division of the U.S. Army Research Office (ARO) focused on this in Tuesday’s session. Speakers from the Office of Naval Research (ONR) and from the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) also described this priority. Mihal Gross, a program officer in the Naval Materials Division of ONR, surveyed the current technical areas of interests in the division, noting an overriding goal of fostering world-class research with game-changing potential for the Navy. The division’s programs cover a full spectrum from long-range, fundamental science and engineering research in the design and realization of new materials and systems with unprecedented properties and performance to facilitating technology transitions of research to fulfill the unique requirements of the Navy, Marine Corps, and Defense Department. The interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary nature of materials science and technology is reflected in the division’s programs spanning the full range of academic science and engineering disciplines, including materials science and engineering, chemistry, physics, chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, and electrical engineering. ONR provides several funding opportunities through which research is supported at universities, government laboratories, and industry to take on the Navy’s science and technology challenges for the “Navy After Next.” These include single and multi-investigator core research and applied research programs; Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative (MURI) and ONR Basic Research Challenge (BRC) programs, supporting multidisciplinary research teams; ONR Young Investigator Program (YIP), supporting young faculty within five years of their PhD; Defense University Research Instrumentation Program (DURIP), supporting the acquisition of research instrumentation in support of ONR and DoD research programs; Defense Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (DEPSCoR), enhancing research capabilities in eligible states; and ONR-Global Naval International Cooperative Opportunities in Science & Technology (NICOP), Visiting Scientist (VSP), and Conference Support (CSP) Programs. Further details and program descriptions can be found through links at the ONR Web site www.onr.navy.mil. ONR provides several funding opportunities through which research is supported at universities, government laboratories, and industry to take on the Navy’s science and technology challenges for the “Navy After Next.” These include single and multi-investigator core research and applied research programs; Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative (MURI) and ONR Basic Research Challenge (BRC) programs, supporting multidisciplinary research teams; ONR Young Investigator Program (YIP), supporting young faculty within five years of their PhD; Defense University Research Instrumentation Program (DURIP), supporting the acquisition of research instrumentation in support of ONR and DoD research programs; Defense Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (DEPSCoR), enhancing research capabilities in eligible states; and ONR-Global Naval International Cooperative Opportunities in Science & Technology (NICOP), Visiting Scientist (VSP), and Conference Support (CSP) Programs. Further details and program descriptions can be found through links at the ONR Web site www.onr.navy.mil.  In the AFOSR seminar, Michelle E. Ewy, a program manager of Aerospace, Chemical and Materials Sciences within the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, described the trends of increased emphasis in her directorate, including complex, multi-functional materials and interfacial sciences (i.e., thermal, tribology). The five major projects in the directorate are solid mechanics and structures, materials, fluid dynamics, chemistry, and propulsion. Ewy said that the FY2009 budget for basic research in the Department of Defense is $1.7 billion. AFOSR focuses on identifying breakthrough research opportunities in the United States and abroad, fostering revolutionary basic research for air force needs, and transitioning technologies to DoD and industry. MATERIALS SUPPORT AT THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY The Technology Innovation Program (TIP), within the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), announced in late March its 2009 competition for multiyear research funding in two major areas of national interest, civil infrastructure and manufacturing. The TIP solicitation seeks proposals for innovation research and development (R&D) that is high-risk, high-reward in nature, and transformative in outcome(s) and impact. TIP expects to provide cost-shared funding for approximately 25 new R&D projects. During a government seminar on Thursday evening, Michael Schen, senior scientific advisor to the director of TIP, described the mission, objectives, and activities of the new TIP program. After the presentation, he and David Swanson, General Business Specialist in the program, fielded questions from the audience. TIP promotes technological innovation by providing funding support to challenging, high-risk research projects that address critical national needs. The merit-based, competitive program can fund R&D projects by single small-sized or medium-sized businesses or by joint ventures that also may include institutions of higher education, nonprofit research organizations, and national laboratories. The 2009 TIP competition is open to projects developing new technologies for the practical application of advanced materials, including nanomaterials, advanced alloys and composites, in manufacturing; and the monitoring or retrofit of major public infrastructure systems, including water systems; dams and levees; and bridges, roads, and highways. During the week of the MRS Spring Meeting in San Francisco, TIP is scheduled to hold a Proposers' Conference on Friday, April 17, at the San Jose Marriott, 301 S. Market St., San Jose, CA, from 9:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. Pre-registration is not required. For more information about the TIP 2009 Competition, and other scheduled Proposers' Conferences, visit Web site www.nist.gov/tip.   ABOUT THE MEETING SCENE The Meeting Scene e-mails are edited by Dr. Gopal Rao, Web Science Editor, and compiled by Bob Braughler, Web Manager, MRS. Contributions by Gopal Rao, Bob Braughler, Betsy Fleischer and Judy Meiksin You have received this as a subscriber to the Meeting Scene. To Unsubscribe, please e-mail info@mrs.org. Archived Meeting Scene Issues are available online. View all free MRS e-newsletters and alertsand subscribe. |
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