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Next Generation Wireless LANs - Throughput, Robustness, and Reliability in 802.11n CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521885843 © Cambridge University Press 2008 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. First published in print format2008 ISBN-13 978-0-521-88584-3 eBook (NetLibrary) ISBN-13 978-0-511-43823-3 hardback http://http://www.namipan.com/d/34a79792c21878b4875b8f9f394da70c06c8774a04915900 [ Last edited by ccjjhh on 2009-4-9 at 15:30 ] |
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2楼2009-04-09 15:28:35
3楼2009-04-09 15:28:57
Brief contents
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Foreword by Dr. Andrew Myles page xix Preface xxiii List of abbreviations xxv 1 Introduction 1 Part I Physical layer 2 Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing 23 3 MIMO/SDM basics 29 4 PHY interoperability with 11a/g legacy OFDM devices 58 5 High throughput 101 6 Robust performance 142 Part II Medium access control layer 7 Medium access control 181 8 MAC throughput enhancements 203 9 Advanced channel access techniques 225 10 Interoperability and coexistence 238 11 MAC frame formats 266 Part III Transmit beamforming 12 Transmit beamforming 307 Index 368 |
4楼2009-04-09 15:30:48
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Contents Foreword by Dr. Andrew Myles xix Preface xxiii List of abbreviations xxv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 History of IEEE 802.11 3 1.2 History of high throughput and 802.11n 5 1.2.1 The High Throughput Study Group 5 1.2.2 Formation of the High Throughput Task Group (TGn) 6 1.2.3 Call for proposals 8 1.2.4 Handheld devices 9 1.2.5 Merging of proposals 10 1.2.6 802.11n amendment drafts 10 1.3 Environments and applications for 802.11n 11 1.4 Major features of 802.11n 15 1.5 Outline of chapters 17 References 19 Part I Physical layer 2 Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing 23 2.1 Background 23 2.2 Comparison to single carrier modulation 25 References 27 3 MIMO/SDM basics 29 3.1 SISO (802.11a/g) background 29 3.2 MIMO basics 29 3.3 SDM basics 31 3.4 MIMO environment 33 3.5 802.11n propagation model 35 3.5.1 Impulse response 36 x Contents 3.5.2 Antenna correlation 38 3.5.2.1 Correlation coefficient 39 3.5.3 Doppler model 41 3.5.3.1 Modified Doppler model for channel model F 41 3.5.4 Physical layer impairments 43 3.5.4.1 Phase noise 43 3.5.4.2 Power amplifier non-linearity 44 3.5.5 Path loss 46 3.6 Linear receiver design 47 3.7 Maximum likelihood estimation 49 References 51 Appendix 3.1: 802.11n channel models 52 4 PHY interoperability with 11a/g legacy OFDM devices 58 4.1 11a packet structure review 58 4.1.1 Short Training field 58 4.1.2 Long Training field 61 4.1.3 Signal field 64 4.1.4 Data field 65 4.1.5 Packet encoding process 66 4.1.6 Receive procedure 68 4.2 Mixed format high throughput packet structure 70 4.2.1 Non-HT portion of the MF preamble 70 4.2.1.1 Cyclic shifts 72 4.2.1.2 Legacy compatibility 73 4.2.1.3 Non-HT Short Training field 75 4.2.1.4 Non-HT Long Training field 76 4.2.1.5 Non-HT Signal field 76 4.2.2 HT portion of the MF preamble 77 4.2.2.1 High Throughput Signal field 77 4.2.2.2 High Throughput Short training field 81 4.2.2.3 High Throughput Long Training field 82 4.2.3 Data field 84 4.2.3.1 Bit string 84 4.2.3.2 Scrambling and encoding 85 4.2.3.3 Stream parsing 85 4.2.3.4 Interleaving 86 4.2.3.5 Modulation mapping 87 4.2.3.6 Pilot subcarriers 88 4.2.3.7 Transmission in 20 MHz HT format 88 4.2.3.8 Spatial expansion 89 4.2.4 HT MF receive procedure 91 4.2.4.1 RF front end 92 4.2.4.2 Legacy part of the preamble 93 Contents xi 4.2.4.3 High Throughput Signal field (HT-SIG) 93 4.2.4.4 High Throughput Training fields and MIMO channel estimation 94 4.2.4.5 Data field 96 4.2.4.6 Demapping, deinterleaving, decoding, and descrambling 97 References 98 Appendix 4.1: 20 MHz basic MCS tables 98 5 High throughput 101 5.1 40 MHz channel 100 5.1.1 40 MHz subcarrier design and spectral mask 102 5.1.2 40 MHz channel design 104 5.1.3 40 MHz mixed format preamble 104 5.1.4 40 MHz data encoding 109 5.1.4.1 Bit string with two encoders 110 5.1.4.2 Scrambling, encoder parsing, and encoding with two encoders 110 5.1.4.3 Stream parsing with two encoders 110 5.1.5 MCS 32: High throughput duplicate format 111 5.1.6 20/40 MHz coexistence with legacy in the PHY 114 5.1.7 Performance improvement with 40 MHz 114 5.2 20 MHz enhancements: Additional data subcarriers 116 5.3 MCS enhancements: Spatial streams and code rate 116 5.4 Greenfield (GF) preamble 121 5.4.1 Format of the GF preamble 122 5.4.2 PHY efficiency 125 5.4.3 Issues with GF 125 5.4.3.1 Network efficiency 125 5.4.3.2 Interoperability issues with legacy 127 5.4.3.3 Implementation issues 129 5.4.4 Preamble auto-detection 129 5.5 Short guard interval 131 References 135 Appendix 5.1: Channel allocation 135 Appendix 5.2: 40 MHz basic MCS tables 139 Appendix 5.3: Physical layer waveform parameters 141 6 Robust performance 142 6.1 Receive diversity 142 6.1.1 Maximal ratio combining basics 143 6.1.2 MIMO performance improvement with receive diversity 144 6.1.3 Selection diversity 147 xii Contents 6.2 Spatial expansion 147 6.3 Space-time block coding 147 6.3.1 Alamouti scheme background 149 6.3.2 Additional STBC antenna configurations 151 6.3.3 STBC receiver and equalization 154 6.3.4 Transmission and packet encoding process with STBC 156 6.4 Low density parity check codes 159 6.4.1 LDPC encoding process 160 6.4.1.1 Step 1: Calculating the minimum number of OFDM symbols 160 6.4.1.2 Step 2: Determining the code word size and number of code words 161 6.4.1.3 Step 3: Determining the number of shortening zero bits 163 6.4.1.4 Step 4: Generating the parity bits 164 6.4.1.5 Step 5: Packing into OFDM symbols 166 6.4.1.6 Step 6: Stream parsing 170 6.4.2 Effective code rate 170 6.4.3 LDPC coding gain 172 References 172 Appendix 6.1: Parity check matrices 172 Part II Medium access control layer 7 Medium access control 181 7.1 Protocol layering 182 7.2 Management functions 183 7.2.1 Beacons 183 7.2.2 Scanning 183 7.2.3 Authentication 184 7.2.4 Association 184 7.2.5 Reassociation 185 7.2.6 Disassociation 185 7.3 Distributed channel access 185 7.3.1 Basic channel access timing 186 7.3.1.1 SIFS 186 7.3.1.2 Slot time 187 7.3.1.3 PIFS 188 7.3.1.4 DIFS 188 7.3.1.5 Random backoff time 188 7.3.1.6 Random backoff procedure 189 7.4 Data/ACK frame exchange 189 7.4.1 Fragmentation 190 Contents xiii 7.4.2 Duplicate detection 191 7.4.3 Data/ACK sequence overhead and fairness 192 7.5 Hidden node problem 192 7.5.1 Network allocation vector 193 7.5.1.1 RTS/CTS frame exchange 193 7.5.2 EIFS 194 7.6 Enhanced distributed channel access 194 7.6.1 Transmit opportunity 196 7.6.2 Channel access timing with EDCA 197 7.6.3 EDCA access parameters 198 7.6.4 EIFS revisited 198 7.6.5 Collision detect 199 7.6.6 QoS Data frame 199 7.7 Block acknowledgement 199 7.7.1 Block data frame exchange 201 References 202 8 MAC throughput enhancements 203 8.1 Reasons for change 203 8.1.1 Throughput without MAC changes 203 8.1.2 MAC throughput enhancements 205 8.1.3 Throughput with MAC efficiency enhancements 206 8.2 Aggregation 207 8.2.1 Aggregate MSDU (A-MSDU) 209 8.2.2 Aggregate MPDU (A-MPDU) 210 8.2.2.1 A-MPDU contents 211 8.2.2.2 A-MPDU length and MPDU spacing constraints 211 8.2.3 Aggregate PSDU (A-PSDU) 212 8.3 Block acknowledgement 212 8.3.1 Immediate and delayed block ack 213 8.3.2 Block ack session initiation 213 8.3.3 Block ack session data transfer 215 8.3.4 Block ack session tear down 215 8.3.5 Normal ack policy in a non-aggregate 216 8.3.6 Reorder buffer operation 216 8.4 HT-immediate block ack 217 8.4.1 Normal Ack policy in an aggregate 217 8.4.2 Compressed block ack 219 8.4.3 Full state and partial state block ack 219 8.4.3.1 Full state block ack operation 219 8.4.3.2 Motivation for partial state block ack 219 8.4.3.3 Partial state block ack operation 221 8.4.4 HT-immediate block ack TXOP sequences 222 xiv Contents 8.5 HT-delayed block ack 223 8.5.1 HT-delayed block ack TXOP sequences 224 References 224 9 Advanced channel access techniques 225 9.1 PCF 225 9.1.1 Establishing the CFP 225 9.1.2 NAV during the CFP 226 9.1.3 Data transfer during the CFP 226 9.1.3.1 Contention free acknowledgement 227 9.1.4 PCF limitations 227 9.2 HCCA 228 9.2.1 Traffic streams 228 9.2.1.1 TS setup and maintenance 229 9.2.1.2 Data transfer 229 9.2.1.3 TS deletion 229 9.2.2 Controlled access phases 230 9.2.3 Polled TXOP 230 9.2.4 TXOP requests 231 9.2.5 Use of RTS/CTS 231 9.2.6 HCCA limitations 231 9.3 Reverse direction protocol 232 9.3.1 Reverse direction frame exchange 232 9.3.2 Reverse direction rules 233 9.3.3 Error recovery 234 9.4 PSMP 234 9.4.1 PSMP recovery 235 9.4.2 PSMP burst 236 9.4.3 Resource allocation 237 9.4.4 Block ack usage under PSMP 237 References 237 10 Interoperability and coexistence 238 10.1 Station and BSS capabilities 238 10.1.1 HT station PHY capabilities 238 10.1.2 HT station MAC capabilities 239 10.1.3 BSS capabilities 239 10.1.4 Advanced capabilities 240 10.2 Controlling station behavior 240 10.3 20 MHz and 20/40 MHz operation 241 10.3.1 Beacon transmission 242 10.3.2 20 MHz BSS operation 242 10.3.3 20/40 MHz BSS operation 243 Contents xv 10.3.3.1 20/40 MHz operation in the 5 GHz bands 244 10.3.3.2 20/40 MHz operation in the 2.4 GHz band 244 10.3.3.3 A brief history of 40 MHz in the 2.4 GHz band 245 10.3.4 Clear channel assessment in 20 MHz 247 10.3.5 Clear channel assessment in 40 MHz 247 10.3.6 Channel access for a 40 MHz transmission 248 10.3.7 NAV assertion in a 20/40 MHz BSS 248 10.3.8 OBSS scanning requirements 248 10.3.8.1 Establishing a 20/40 MHz BSS in the 5 GHz bands 248 10.3.8.2 Establishing a 20/40 MHz BSS in the 2.4 GHz band 249 10.3.8.3 OBSS scanning during 20/40 MHz BSS operation 250 10.3.8.4 Scanning requirements for 20/40 MHz stations 251 10.3.9 Signaling 40 MHz intolerance 253 10.3.10 Channel management at the AP 253 10.4 A summary of fields controlling 40 MHz operation 254 10.5 Phased coexistence operation (PCO) 255 10.5.1 Basic operation 256 10.5.2 Minimizing real-time disruption 257 10.6 Protection 257 10.6.1 Protection with 802.11b stations present 258 10.6.2 Protection with 802.11g or 802.11a stations present 258 10.6.3 Protection for OBSS legacy stations 259 10.6.4 RIFS burst protection 259 10.6.5 Greenfield format protection 259 10.6.6 RTS/CTS protection 260 10.6.7 CTS-to-Self protection 261 10.6.8 Protection using a non-HT or HT mixed PPDU with non-HT response 261 10.6.9 Non-HT station deferral with HT mixed format PPDU 262 10.6.10 L-SIG TXOP protection 263 References 265 11 MAC frame formats 266 11.1 General frame format 266 11.1.1 Frame Control field 266 11.1.1.1 Protocol Version field 266 11.1.1.2 Type and Subtype fields 266 11.1.1.3 To DS and From DS fields 267 11.1.1.4 More Fragments field 267 11.1.1.5 Retry field 267 11.1.1.6 Power Management field 269 11.1.1.7 More Data field 269 11.1.1.8 Protected Frame field 269 11.1.1.9 Order field 269 xvi Contents 11.1.2 Duration/ID field 270 11.1.3 Address fields 270 11.1.4 Sequence Control field 270 11.1.5 QoS Control field 271 11.1.5.1 TXOP Limit subfield 271 11.1.5.2 Queue Size subfield 271 11.1.5.3 TXOP Duration Requested subfield 272 11.1.5.4 AP PS Buffer State subfield 272 11.1.6 HT Control field 273 11.1.7 Frame Body field 275 11.1.8 FCS field 275 11.2 Format of individual frame types 276 11.2.1 Control frames 276 11.2.1.1 RTS 276 11.2.1.2 CTS 276 11.2.1.3 ACK 276 11.2.1.4 BAR 276 11.2.1.5 Multi-TID BAR 278 11.2.1.6 BA 278 11.2.1.7 Multi-TID BA 280 11.2.1.8 PS-Poll 280 11.2.1.9 CF-End and CF-End+CF-Ack 281 11.2.1.10 Control Wrapper 281 11.2.2 Data frames 282 11.2.3 Management frames 282 11.2.3.1 Beacon frame 283 11.2.3.2 Association and Reassociation Request frame 283 11.2.3.3 Association and Reassociation Response frame 283 11.2.3.4 Disassociation frame 284 11.2.3.5 Probe Request frame 284 11.2.3.6 Probe Response frame 284 11.2.3.7 Authentication frame 284 11.2.3.8 Deauthentication frame 284 11.2.3.9 Action and Action No Ack frames 284 11.3 Management Frame fields 288 11.3.1 Fields that are not information elements 288 11.3.1.1 Capability Information field 288 11.3.2 Information elements 288 11.3.2.1 Extended Channel Switch Announcement element 288 11.3.2.2 HT Capabilities element 290 11.3.2.3 HT Information element 291 11.3.2.4 20/40 BSS Coexistence element 291 11.3.2.5 20/40 BSS Intolerant Channel Report element 302 11.3.2.6 Overlapping BSS Scan Parameters element 302 References 302 Contents xvii Part III Transmit beamforming 12 Transmit beamforming 307 12.1 Singular value decomposition 308 12.2 Transmit beamforming with SVD 311 12.3 Eigenvalue analysis 312 12.4 Unequal MCS 316 12.5 Receiver design 320 12.6 Channel sounding 321 12.7 Channel state information feedback 323 12.7.1 Implicit feedback 323 12.7.2 Explicit feedback 328 12.7.2.1 CSI feedback 328 12.7.2.2 Non-compressed beamforming weights feedback 329 12.7.2.3 Compressed beamforming weights feedback 330 12.8 Improved performance with transmit beamforming 335 12.9 Degradations 342 12.10 MAC considerations 349 12.10.1 Sounding PPDUs 350 12.10.1.1 NDP as sounding PPDU 351 12.10.1.2 NDP use for calibration and antenna selection 351 12.10.2 Implicit feedback beamforming 351 12.10.2.1 Calibration 352 12.10.2.2 Sequences using implicit feedback 354 12.10.3 Explicit feedback beamforming 355 12.10.3.1 Sequences using explicit feedback 357 12.10.3.2 Differences between NDP and staggered sounding 357 12.11 Comparison between implicit and explicit 358 12.12 Fast link adaptation 359 12.12.1 MCS feedback 361 12.12.2 MCS feedback using the HT Control field 361 References 362 Appendix 12.1: Unequal MCS 363 Unequal MCS for 20 MHz 363 Unequal MCS for 40 MHz 365 Index 368 |
5楼2009-04-09 15:31:21