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（原创）很多美国人缺少维生素D 3月23日（HealthDay News）讯 -
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Many Americans Fall Short on Their Vitamin D 专家说，食品中的推荐量需要增加 Recommended levels in foods need to be increased, experts say 2009年3月23日发文 Posted March 23, 2009 史帝芬•雷恩伯格（Steven Reinberg）撰文 By Steven Reinberg HealthDay记者 HealthDay Reporter 星期一，3月23日（HealthDay News）讯 - 一项新研究发现，二十年来，美国人的维生素D水平已大大降低。 MONDAY, March 23 (HealthDay News) -- Over the course of two decades, vitamin D levels have dramatically decreased among Americans, a new study finds. 儿童佝偻病及成人骨矿密度低均与维生素D水平低有关。最近的研究还将维生素D缺乏与癌症、心脏病、感染及总体健康差联系起来。研究人员说，最佳水平范围是每毫升30到40纳克。 Low levels of vitamin D have been associated with rickets in children and lower bone mineral density in adults. Recent research has also linked insufficient vitamin D to cancer, heart disease, infection and poorer health overall. Optimal levels range from 30 nanograms per milliliter to 40 nanograms per milliliter, the researchers said. 领头研究者阿迪特•金德（Adit Ginde）博士是科罗拉多大学丹佛医学院的外科副教授，他说：“我们发现二十年来，维生素D缺乏明显增加。如今每四个美国人当中就有3个以上的维生素D水平低于我们认为理想健康所需要的水平。非裔美国人及西班牙裔人风险特别高——几乎全都低于最佳水平。 "We found a marked increase in vitamin D deficiency over the past two decades," said lead researcher Dr. Adit Ginde, an assistant professor of surgery at the University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine. "Over three out of every four Americans now have vitamin D levels below what we believe is necessary for optimal health. African-Americans and Hispanics are at particularly high risk -- nearly all have suboptimal levels." 该报道刊登在3月23日的《Archives of Internal Medicine》上。 The report was published in the March 23 issue of the Archives of Internal Medicine. 在该研究中，金德领导的小组收集了维生素D水平的数据，包括1988年到1994年间的18883人及2001年到2004年间的13369人。所有数据均来自“第三次全国健康及营养调查（the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey）”。 For the study, Ginde's group collected data on vitamin D levels in 18,883 people collected between 1988 and 1994, and 13,369 people collected between 2001 and 2004. All the data came from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. 研究人员发现，1988年到1994年间的平均维生素D水平为每毫升30纳克，但2001年到2004年间降到每毫升24纳克。此外，在该研究的时间跨度内，维生素D水平低于每毫升10纳克的人从2%升高到6%。维生素D水平在每毫升30纳克或更高的人数也较少（45%和23%）。 The researchers found that average vitamin D levels were 30 nanograms per milliliter from 1988 to 1994, but decreased to 24 nanograms per milliliter between 2001 and 2004. Moreover, vitamin D levels of less than 10 nanograms per milliliter increased from 2 percent to 6 percent over the study period. There were also fewer people with vitamin D levels of 30 nanograms per milliliter or higher (45 percent vs. 23 percent). 研究人员发现，维生素D水平下降最厉害的是黑人，维生素D水平低于每毫升10纳克的人从9%升到29%，水平在每毫升30纳克或更高的人从12%降到3%。 The greatest drops in vitamin D levels were seen among blacks, where levels of vitamin D of less than 10 nanograms per milliliter rose from 9 percent to 29 percent, and levels of more than 30 nanograms per milliliter or higher dropped from 12 percent to 3 percent, the researchers found. “该人群维生素D缺乏的增加，降低了该人群的总体健康情况，”金德说：“阳光是机体维生素D的主要来源，防晒霜用得越来越多，躲避阳光，户外运动总体越来越少，尽管成功减少了皮肤癌，却很可能却降低了该人群的维生素D水平。” "Increases in vitamin D deficiency in the population may have reduced the overall health of the population," Ginde said. "Since sunlight is the body's major source of vitamin D, increases in sunscreen, sun avoidance, and overall decreased outdoor activity, while successful in reducing skin cancers, has probably reduced vitamin D levels in the population." 金德指出，每周让双臂双腿晒两三次太阳，每次十分钟，将能显著提高维生素D的产量，但必须权衡皮肤癌的风险。补充维生素D是提高其水平的另一方法。他补充说，但维生素D补充剂当前的推荐量都过时了，都有不足。 Ten minutes of sunlight on exposed arms and legs two to three times per week would significantly improve vitamin D production, but must be weighed against the risk for skin cancer, Ginde noted. Vitamin D supplementation is another way to increase levels. However, current recommended doses of vitamin D supplements are outdated and inadequate, he added. 如今，维生素D补充剂的推荐水平是，出生到50岁每日200国际单位，51岁到70岁每日400国际单位（IU），71岁及以上每日600国际单位。这些推荐量主要是为改善骨健康。 Right now, recommended levels of vitamin D supplements are 200 international units per day from birth to age 50, 400 international units (IU) per day from age 51 to 70, and 600 international units per day for adults aged 71 and older. These recommendations are primarily for improving bone health. “维生素D是一个重要但未被充分认识的公共健康问题，对健康状况的某些种族差异可能也有一定作用，”金德说：“多数美国人可以用更多的维生素D。很多人要升高维生素D水平，需要补充的维生素D剂量可能要比当前推荐量高，至少要每日1000到2000 IU。” "Vitamin D is an important and underappreciated public health issue and may be responsible for some racial differences in health outcomes," Ginde said. "Most Americans could use more vitamin D. Higher doses of vitamin D supplementation than currently recommended, at least 1,000 to 2,000 IU daily, are likely needed to raise vitamin D levels for many people." 此期刊上另一份报道强调了维生素D对骨健康的意义。在此研究中，瑞士研究者的结论是，年长成人每日补充400 IU维生素D，骨折风险降低。 Another report in the same journal highlights the importance of vitamin D for bone health. In the study, Swiss researchers conclude that 400 IU of vitamin D supplements per day are associated with a reduced risk of fractures in older adults. 领头研究者海克•A•比斯卓夫-法拉利（Heike A. Bischoff-Ferrari）是苏黎世大学的副教授，他说：“考虑到非椎骨骨折的频率、严重程度及费用，65岁及以上的每个人每天都应该服用接近800 IU剂量的维生素D。” "Given the frequency, severity and cost of non-vertebral fractures, everyone age 65 and older should take vitamin D in a dose close to 800 IU per day," said lead researcher Heike A. Bischoff-Ferrari, an assistant professor at the University of Zurich. 为得到其结论，比斯卓夫-法拉利及其同事回顾了12项临床研究的结果，这些试验调查了65岁及以上成人补充维生素D减少骨折的作用。这些试验总共包括42279名受试者。 To reach their conclusion, Bischoff-Ferrari and colleagues reviewed the findings of 12 clinical trials of looking at the benefits of vitamin D supplements in reducing fractures in adults aged 65 and older. In all, the trials involved 42,279 participants. 研究人员发现，维生素D补充剂使非椎骨骨折的风险降低14%，使髋骨骨折的风险降低9%。有的试验每日给受试者用400 IU以上剂量，骨折减少20%，髋骨骨折减少18%。 The researchers found that vitamin D supplements decreased the risk of non-vertebral fractures by 14 percent and of hip fractures by 9 percent. In trials where people were given doses of more than 400 IUs a day, fractures were reduced by 20 percent and hip fractures by 18 percent. 此外，研究人员报道，对于使用更高剂量维生素D的人，钙补充剂对骨折似乎没有任何额外保护作用。 In addition, for people taking high doses of vitamin D, calcium supplements did not appear to have any additional protective effect against fractures, the researchers reported. “更高剂量时，这种作用并不限于虚弱的老人，定居社区的老人也受益，”比斯卓夫-法拉利说：“对于定居社区亚组老人，更高剂量的维生素D使非椎骨骨折减少33%。” "At the higher dose, this benefit is not restricted to frail older individuals, but is also present in community-dwelling older individuals," Bischoff-Ferrari said. "In the subgroup of community-dwelling older individuals, vitamin D at the higher dose reduced non-vertebral fractures by 33 percent." 米歇尔•F•霍立克（Michael F. Holick）博士是波士顿大学维生素D检验室的主任，指出维生素D的推荐量正在审查，可能会增加。 Dr. Michael F. Holick, director of the Vitamin D Laboratory at Boston University, noted that the recommended levels of vitamin D are under review and likely to be increased. “医学研究所一个小组正计划2010年中推出新的推荐量，”霍立克说：“很明显，您每天至少需要1400到2000 IU，若您有肥胖，可能至少需要此剂量的一倍半到两倍，因为脂肪隔离了维生素D。” "An Institute of Medicine panel is planning to have new recommendations out by mid-2010," Holick said. "It's pretty clear that you need a minimum of 1,400 and up to 2,000 IU a day, and if you are obese, you probably need at least one and a half to two times as much, because the fat sequesters the vitamin D," he said. 霍立克说人们饮奶量的下降及避免日晒是维生素D水平降低的主要原因。 Holick said people are drinking less milk and staying out of the sun, which are the main reasons for the decreasing vitamin D levels in the population. 霍立克说，应对此问题的一个方法是增加食品中维生素D的补充量。他说，升高维生素D水平的新推荐量将让食品企业提高食品中维生素D的水平，并给更多食品添加维生素D。 One way to combat the problem is to increase vitamin D supplementation in foods, Holick said. New recommendations that increase vitamin D levels will let the food industry increase vitamin D levels in foods and add vitamin D to more foods, he said. “我们迫切需要提高到到充足的推荐摄入量，那将有望是每日1000到2000 IU，将安全上限提高到至少每天1万 IU，”霍立克说：“该计划将要增加每顿的维生素D量，增加维生素D强化食品的种数。” "We are in desperate need to have a marked increase in the adequate intake recommendation, and hopefully, that will be 1,000 to 2,000 IUs per day and raise the safe upper limit to at least 10,000 IUs a day," Holick said. "The plan would be to increase the amount per serving and increase the number of foods fortified with vitamin D." 网址连接：http://health.usnews.com/article ... -on-their-vitamin-d |
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