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60金币急求翻译几段文字（译英，与石油行业相关，主要是降凝剂、泡沫）
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原油开采过程主要分为勘探、钻井、采油、井下作业和输送。本文所研究的内容与输送、钻井、采油有关。 在原油的输送过程中，主要研究了降凝剂对原油低温流动性的作用。原油是各种烃类与非烃类的混合物，基本上是由蜡，胶质，沥青质组成。由于原油中蜡的存在，原油在常温下不能流动，在原油开采和输送过程中因蜡晶聚结，往往会引起油井和输送管道的堵塞。原油必须在蜡的凝固点之上，粘度在1000mpa.s左右，才利于流动。原油的流动性与原油的凝固点和粘度有关。原油的凝固点主要由原油中蜡的含量和蜡分子量的大小决定，原油含蜡量越高, 其凝固点越高；而原油的粘度主要由胶质和沥青质决定，含胶质、沥青质多的原油粘度高。因此看来，原油的开采、输送是全世界石油行业所面临的重大问题。针对不同原油加入不同降凝剂、分散剂或降粘剂可以改善原油的低温流动性。为了改善原油的流动性，实现低温下原油的运输，本文采用化学降凝剂的办法降低原油的凝固点，实现原油在低温下流动。 本文所说降凝剂是指能破坏特稠原油的结构力，使原油粘度和凝点降低的化学剂。化学降凝剂是由长链烷基基团和极性基团两部分组成的高分子，其依靠自身的分子特点，通过改变原油中蜡结晶形态，使蜡在低温下不易形成三维空间网状结构，以达到降低原油凝固点、改善原油低温流动性的目的。原油中蜡的凝结形态与输送过程中流变性的变化、剪切力作用、流动时间、温差等因素有直接关系。一个好的降凝剂不仅具备降凝作用而且要耐受各种外力变化和强度以及加药浓度的影响。对于原油的输送，本文研究了降凝剂NAC-627对苏丹3/7区原油的影响， 主要从以下几个方面对其进行评价：降凝剂加入量、加降凝剂的温度、预热温度、剪切力的变化，粘度的变化。 在原油的钻井、开采过程中，泡沫起到非中重要的作用。对此，本文初步研究了泡沫的稳定性。泡沫剂在油田中的应用研究和探索已有40多年的历史，如泡沫驱油、泡沫钻井、泡沫水泥固井、泡沫酸化、泡沫冲沙洗井、泡沫压裂、泡沫采气、蒸汽驱泡沫调剖、泡沫-聚合物复合驱等，是成本低、具有发展前途的方法。随着表面活性剂工业的迅速发展，泡沫剂的种类和性能将更能够满足现场实际的需要，在石油工业中发挥更重要的作用。大量实验证明，泡沫钻井液对渗漏地层具有良好的防漏、堵漏效果。因此，研究泡沫在油田中的应用具有重大现实意义。 能使泡沫稳定的物质为起泡剂，主要为表面活性剂，表面活性剂是由亲水基团和亲油基团组成，亲水性和亲油性的强弱是影响活性剂性能的主要因素。本文针对不同表面活性剂从不同方面评价了其发泡性能和稳泡性能，并对泡沫的疏水能力和稳定性的关系进行了相关研究。 |
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gfft315(金币+5,VIP+0):辛苦了 3-30 23:14
gfft315(金币+5,VIP+0):辛苦了 3-30 23:14
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Crude oil extraction process is mainly divided into exploration, drilling, production, and distribution of underground work. This paper studied the content and delivery, drilling, oil-related. At the delivery of crude oil process, the main research of the pour point depressant for crude oil the role of low-temperature fluidity. Crude oil are a variety of hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon mixture, basically wax, glial, asphaltene component. Because of the existence of wax in crude oil, crude oil should not flow at room temperature, in the crude oil extraction and transportation process of coalescence due to wax crystallization, often lead to oil wells and pipelines plug. Crude oil must be above the freezing point of wax, viscosity at about 1000mpa.s only conducive to the flow. The flow of crude oil and crude oil on the freezing point and viscosity. The freezing point of crude oil mainly from crude oil in wax content and wax decide the size of molecular weight, the higher the wax content of crude oil, and its freezing point higher; and the viscosity of crude oil mainly by the colloid and asphaltene decide, including microglia, many Asphaltene high viscosity of crude oil. Thus, it seems, the exploitation of crude oil, transmission oil industry all over the world are facing major problems. Add different for different crude oil pour point depressant, dispersant or viscosity reducer can improve low-temperature fluidity of crude oil. Crude oil in order to improve the mobility of the implementation of the transport of crude oil at low temperatures, this article approaches the use of chemical pour point depressant to lower the freezing point of crude oil, crude oil at low temperature under implementation flow. This article refers to what PPD can undermine the special structure of thick crude oil, and crude oil viscosity and pour point reduction in the chemical agent. Chemical pour point depressant are from long-chain alkyl groups and Kiki polar group is composed of two parts of the polymer, its molecular characteristics to rely on their own, by changing the oil in the wax crystal morphology, so that wax at low temperatures is not easy to form three-dimensional space Net like structure in order to achieve lower freezing point of crude oil to improve low-temperature fluidity of crude oil purposes. Condensation of crude oil in the wax patterns and distribution of degenerative changes in the process of mid-stream, shear stress, flow time, temperature has a direct bearing on such factors. PPD not only have a well-dewaxing role but also to tolerate a variety of external changes and add intensity and drug concentration. For crude oil transmission, this paper, the NAC-627 pour point depressant of the Sudan 3 / 7, the impact of crude oil, mainly from the following aspects of its evaluation: PPD add volume, add PPD temperature, preheating temperature, shear stress changes, viscosity changes. In crude oil drilling, mining process, the bubble has played in non-essential role. This paper studied the stability of the bubble. Foam in the oil fields of applied research and to explore more than 40 years of history, such as foam flooding, foam drilling, well cementing cement foam, foam acidizing, foam sand washing wells, foam fracturing, the bubble gas, steam flooding Foam Profile, Foam - polymer composites, such as flooding, are low cost and promising approach. With the surfactant industry, the rapid development of foam types and properties of the scene will be able to meet the actual needs, in the petroleum industry to play a more important role. Substantial evidence shows that drilling on the leakage of the bubble formation has a good leak-proof, plugging effect. Therefore, the study of the bubble in the oilfield is of great practical significance. Foam stability can Frother substances, mainly surfactants, surfactant is a hydrophilic group and lipophilic group composed of hydrophilic and lipophilic effects of the strength of surfactants are the main factors performance. In this paper, different surfactants from the different aspects of the evaluation of its performance and stability of foam foam performance, and the hydrophobic foam capacity and stability of relations between the relevant research |
2楼2009-03-25 17:48:41
3楼2009-03-25 18:19:51
4楼2009-03-25 18:37:24
5楼2009-03-25 20:54:10
★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ...
gfft315(金币+55,VIP+0):xiexie 3-30 23:22
gfft315(金币+55,VIP+0):xiexie 3-30 23:22
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Crude oil extraction process is mainly divided into exploration, drilling, exploitation, underground work and transportation. The content of this paper studied is connected with transportation, drilling, exploitation. During the transportation of crude oil, this paper has studied the flow properties of crude oil at low temperature for pour point depressant .Crude oil is a mixture including various of hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon, and is composed of wax, glial, asphaltene basically. Because of the existence of wax in crude oil, crude oil should not flow at room temperature. During the transportation of the crude oil, wells and pipelines will be plugged for wax crystallization. Crude oil can flow above the pour point of wax and viscosity at about 1000mpa.s.The flow properties of crude oil is concerned with the pour point and viscosity of crude oil. The pour point of crude oil is mainly determined by wax content and wax molecular weight. The higher the wax content of crude oil, and its pour point higher.The viscosity of crude oil mainly determined by the colloid and asphaltene, the higher the colloid and asphaltene of crude oil, and its viscosity higher. Adding different pour point depressant, dispersant or viscosity reducer for different crude oil can improve flow properties of crude oil at low-temperature. In order to improve the flow properties of crude oil and the transportation of crude oil at low temperatures, this article uses chemical pour point depressant to low the pour point of crude oil, and realizes crude oil flowing at low temperature. Petroleum companies all over the world are facing major problems in exploitation and transportation. The PPD of this paper can damage the special structure of the thick crude oil, and improve the viscosity and the pour point of crude oil. Chemical pour point depressant is a polymer which is composed of long-chain alkyl groups and polar groups, and it can change the wax crystal by molecular characteristics of its own, so that the wax is not easy to form three-dimensional space at low temperatures, at the same time, it can make the pour point of crude oil lower and improve the flow properties of crude oil at low-temperature. The size of wax crystal in crude oil is connected with the rheological behaver, shear stress, flowing time and temperature in transportation. PPD not only have a well-dewaxing role but also can tolerate the external changes and strength changes. This paper has studied the impact of Sudan 3/7 crude oil for adding the pour point depressant NAC-627, and evaluate the pour point depressant from mainly about the PPD concentration, adding PPD temperature, preheating temperature, shear stress changes, viscosity changes. During the drilling and exploitation, the foam has played an important role. This paper has studied the stability of the foam. Foam has more than 40 years of history in the oil fields of applied research and exploration, such as foam flooding, foam drilling, foam cement cementing, foam acidizing, foam washing sand wells, foam fracturing and so on. They are low cost and promising approach. With the rapid development of the surfactant industry, the types and properties of surfactant will be able to meet the actual needs, and in the petroleum industry it play an more important role. Substantial experiment shows that the foam has a good leak-proof, plugging effect. Therefore, the study of the foam in the oilfield is of great practical significance. The substances which can foam stability, are surfactants. surfactant is composed of hydrophilic group and lipophilic group, which are the main influence factors for surfactant. In this paper, it evaluate different surfactants from different aspects, and research the lipophilic capacity and stability of surfactant. Keywords: pour point depressant; flow properties at low temperature; mathematical model; foam; surfactant |
6楼2009-03-30 23:21:53