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[2] Machleit,K.A,Mantel,S.P. Emotionalresponse and shopping satisfaction:Moderating effects ofshopper attributions[J] .Journal ofBusiness Research, 2001,54, 54 (2) :97-106 .

[3] Jones,A.M. Entertaining shopping experience:An exploratory Investigation[J] .Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 1999, (6) :129-139 .

[4] Kolter,P. M arketing Managem ent:Analysis,Planning,Im plem entation,and Control[M] .9th ed. N.Y: Prentice H allInternationalEditions, 1993, .

[5] Engel,J.F,Blackwell,R.D,&M iniard,P.W. Consum er Behavior[M] .8thed. 1995, .

[6] Xinran Y Lehto,etc. Tourist shopping preferences and expenditure behaviors[J] .Journal of Vacation Marketing, 2004,10, 10 (4) :320-332 .

[7] Engel,J.F,Blackwell,R.D,&Miniard,P.W. Con-sum r Behavior .6th ed. Chicago: The Dryden Press, 1990, .

[8] Atila Y¨¹ksel. Shopping experience evaluation:a case of domestic a nd internationalvisitors[J] .Tourism Managem ent, 2004, (25) :751-759 .

[9] Atila Y¨¹ksel,Fisun Y¨¹ksel. Shopping risk perceptions:Effects on tourists¡®em otions,satisfaction and expressed loyalty intentions[J] .Tourism Managem ent, 2007,28, 28 (3) :703-713 .
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8] Atila Y¨¹ksel. Shopping experience evaluation:a case of domestic a nd internationalvisitors[J] .Tourism Managem ent, 2004, (25) :751-759 .

[9] Atila Y¨¹ksel,Fisun Y¨¹ksel. Shopping risk perceptions:Effects on tourists¡®em otions,satisfaction and expressed loyalty intentions[J] .Tourism Managem ent, 2007,28, 28 (3) :703-713 .
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Lehto, X. Y., Cai, L., O'Leary, J. T., &; Huan, T. C. (2004). Tourist shopping preferences and expenditure behaviors: The case of the Taiwanese outbound market. Journal of Travel Vacation, 10(4), 320-332.

Li, M., Cai, L., & Wu, B. (2005). An exploratory study of souvenir shopping: attitude and behavior of domestic travelers in China. Paper presented at the 24th Annual Conference of International Society of Travel and Tourism Educator, Chicago, U.S.A.

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Oh, J. Y., Cheng, C. K., Lehto, X. Y., & O'Leary, J. T. (2004). Predictors of tourists¡¯ shopping behavior: Examination of socio-demographic characteristics and trip typologies. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 10(4), 308-319.

Swanson, K. K., & Horridge, P. E. (2004). A structural model for souvenir consumption, travel activities, and tourist demographics. Journal of Travel Research, 42, 372-380.

Timothy, D. J., & Butler, R. W. (1995). Cross-border shopping: A North American perspective. Annals of Tourism Research, 22(1), 16-34.

    ¶ÔÓÚÂÃÓιºÎïµÄÑо¿Ê¼ÓÚ1970Äê´ú¡£Graburn (1977)ÔÚÂÃÓÎÈËÀàѧ£¨Smith, V. ed.£©Ò»ÊéÖÐÌá³ö£¬ÓÉÓÚÂÃÓÎÌåÑéµÄ³éÏóÐÔ²»¿É´¥ÃþÐÔ£¬ÂÃÓÎÕßÏ£Íûͨ¹ý¹ºÂò¾ßÌåµÄ¿É´¥ÃþµÄ¼ÍÄîÆ·À´¼Ç¼ÔÚ³öÓιý³ÌÖеÄÌØÊâµÄÌåÑé¡£Ôڴ˺óµÄÑо¿ÖУ¬¹ºÎïÒ²±»µ±×÷ÂÃÓÎÌåÑé²»¿ÉȱÉÙµÄÒ»²¿·Ö¡£

    LittrellµÈÓÚ1994ÄêÔÚJournal of Travel ResearchÉÏ·¢±íµÄSouvenirs and Tourism StylesÊÇ×îÔçµÄ²ÉÓö¨Á¿·½·¨¶ÔÂÃÓιºÎïÏÖÏó½øÐÐÉîÈëÑо¿µÄ£¬Ò²ÊÇĿǰÒýÓÃÂÊ×î¸ßµÄһƪÎÄÕ¡£¸ÃÎÄÕÂÔËÓÃfactor analysis£¨Òò×Ó·ÖÎö£©£¬¸ù¾ÝÂÃÓÎÕ߯«ºÃµÄ»î¶¯¡¢ÂÃÓμÍÄîÆ·ÖÖÀ༰¹ºÂòÐÐΪ£¬½«ÂÃÓÎÕß·ÖΪËÄÖÖÀàÐÍ£¬·Ö±ðÊÇÒÕÊõ¡¢ÈËÎÄ¡¢Ãñ×壨ethnic, arts, and people£©£»ÀúÊ·¼°¹«Ô°£¨history and park£©£»³ÇÊÐÓéÀÖ£¨urban entertainment£©£»ÒÔ¼°»§ÍâÔ˶¯£¨active outdoor£©¡£ÔÚ¸ÃÎÄÖУ¬×÷ÕßÃÇ»¹¶ÔÿÖÖÀàÐ͵ÄÂÃÓÎÕßµÄÐÐÎªÌØÕ÷¼«ÆäËùÆ«ºÃµÄÂÃÓμÍÄîÆ·ÀàÐͽøÐÐÁËÑо¿¡£Ôڴ˺óµÄÑо¿ÖУ¬Ñо¿ÕßÃÇÑо¿ÁËÓο͵ÄÈË¿ÚÑ§ÌØÕ÷¡¢Éç»á¾­¼ÃÑ§ÌØÕ÷¡¢ÒÔ¼°ÆäÐÄÀíÌØÕ÷¶ÔÂÃÓιºÎïÐÐΪÐÐÎªÌØÕ÷¡¢Ì¬¶È¡¢ÒÔ¼°ÂÃÓλ¨·ÑµÄÓ°Ïì¡£ÖØµãÍÆ¼öµÄÁùƪÎÄÕ£º

Littrell, M. A., Baizerman, S., Kean, R., Gahring, S., Niemeyer, S., Reilly, R., et al. (1994). Souvenirs and tourism styles. Journal of Travel Research, 33(1), 3-11.

Anderson, L. F., & Littrell, M. A. (1995). Souvenir-purchase behavior of women tourists. Annals of Tourism Research, 22(2), 328-348.    ²ÉÓö¨ÐÔ·½·¨Ñо¿Á˲»Í¬ÄêÁäÅ®ÐÔÓο͵ÄÂÃÓιºÎïÐÐÎªÌØÕ÷

Li, M., Cai, L., & Wu, B. (2005). An exploratory study of souvenir shopping: attitude and behavior of domestic travelers in China. Paper presented at the 24th Annual Conference of International Society of Travel and Tourism Educator, Chicago, U.S.A.     Öйú¹úÄÚÓοÍÂÃÓμÍÄîÆ·¹ºÂòÐÐΪ¼°Ì¬¶ÈµÄÑо¿

Kim, S., & Littrell, M. A. (1999). Predicting souvenir purchase intentions. Journal of Travel Research, 38, 153-162.
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Oh, J. Y., Cheng, C. K., Lehto, X. Y., & O'Leary, J. T. (2004). Predictors of tourists¡¯ shopping behavior: Examination of socio-demographic characteristics and trip typologies. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 10(4), 308-319.    ÓοÍÀàÐÍ£¨tourist typology£©¼°ÈË¿ÚÑ§ÌØÕ÷ÓëÂÃÓιºÎïÐÐΪµÄÏà¹ØÑо¿

Swanson, K. K., & Horridge, P. E. (2004). A structural model for souvenir consumption, travel activities, and tourist demographics. Journal of Travel Research, 42, 372-380.    ÓοÍÐÐΪƫºÃÓëÂÃÓιºÎïÏà¹ØÑо¿



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Law, R., & Au, N. (2000). Relationship modeling in tourism shopping: A decision rules induction approach. Tourism Management, 21(3), 241-249.
Lehto, X. Y., Cai, L., O'Leary, J. T., &; Huan, T. C. (2004). Tourist shopping preferences and expenditure behaviors: The case of the Taiwanese outbound market. Journal of Travel Vacation, 10(4), 320-332.
Li, M., Cai, L., & Wu, B. (2005). An exploratory study of souvenir shopping: attitude and behavior of domestic travelers in China. Paper presented at the 24th Annual Conference of International Society of Travel and Tourism Educator, Chicago, U.S.A.
Oh, J. Y., Cheng, C. K., Lehto, X. Y., & O'Leary, J. T. (2004). Predictors of tourists¡¯ shopping behavior: Examination of socio-demographic characteristics and trip typologies. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 10(4), 308-319.
Swanson, K. K., & Horridge, P. E. (2004). A structural model for souvenir consumption, travel activities, and tourist demographics. Journal of Travel Research, 42, 372-380.
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