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Science 9 January 2009:
Vol. 323. no. 5911, pp. 240 - 244
DOI: 10.1126/science.1164363

Historical Warnings of Future Food Insecurity with Unprecedented Seasonal Heat
David. S. Battisti 1 and Rosamond L. Naylor 2
Higher growing season temperatures can have dramatic impacts on agricultural productivity, farm incomes, and food security. We used observational data and output from 23 global climate models to show a high probability (>90%) that growing season temperatures in the tropics and subtropics by the end of the 21st century will exceed the most extreme seasonal temperatures recorded from 1900 to 2006. In temperate regions, the hottest seasons on record will represent the future norm in many locations. We used historical examples to illustrate the magnitude of damage to food systems caused by extreme seasonal heat and show that these short-run events could become long-term trends with out sufficient investments in adaptation.

http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/323/5911/240

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Science 9 January 2009:
Vol. 323. no. 5911, pp. 276 - 278
DOI: 10.1126/science.1164951

Mispredicting Affective and Behavioral Responses to Racism
Kerry Kawakami, 1 Elizabeth Dunn, 2 Francine Karmali, 1 John F. Dovidio 3
Contemporary race relations are marked by an apparent paradox: Overt prejudice is strongly condemned, yet acts of blatant racism still frequently occur. We propose that one reason for this inconsistency is that people misunderst and how they would feel and behave after witnessing racism . The present research demonstrates that although people predicted that they would be very upset by a racist act, when people actually experienced this event they showed relatively little emotional distress. Furthermore, people overestimated the degree to which a racist comment would provoke social rejection of the racist. These findings suggest that racism may persevere in part because people who anticipate feeling upset and believe that they will take action may actually respond with indifference when faced with an act of racism .

1 Department of Psychology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, To ron to , Ontario, Canada, M3J 1P3.
2 Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z4.
3 Department of Psychology, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Avenue, Box 208205, New Haven, CT 06520¨C8205, USA.

http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/323/5911/276

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Published Online January 8, 2009
Science DOI: 10.1126/science.1166541
Submitted on September 29, 2008
Accepted on December 22, 2008

Harmonic Convergence in the Love Songs of the Dengue Vector Mosquito
Lauren J. Cator 1 , Ben J. Arthur 2 , Laura C. Harr in gton 1 , Ronald R. Hoy 2
1 Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
2 Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.

The familiar buzz of fly in g mosquito es is an important mat in g signal, with the fundamental frequency of the female's flight tone signall in g her presence. In the yellow fever and dengue vector , Aedes aegypti , both sexes in teract acoustically by shift in g the ir flight tones to match, result in g in a courtship duet. Surpris in gly, match in g is made not at the fundamental frequency of 400 Hz (female) or 600 Hz (male), but at a shared harmonic of 1200 Hz, which exceeds the previously known upper limit of hear in g in mosquito es. Physiological record in gs from Johnston's organ ( the mosquito 's "ear" reveal sensitivity up to 2000 Hz, consistent with our observed courtship behavior. The se f in d in gs revise widely accepted limits of acoustic behavior in mosquito es.

http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/1166541v1

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Science 9 January 2009:
Vol. 323. no. 5911, pp. 237 - 240
DOI: 10.1126/science.1165607

Self-Organization of a Mesoscale Bristle into Ordered, Hierarchical Helical Assemblies
Boaz Pokroy, Sung H. Kang, L. Mahadevan, Joanna Aizenberg

Mesoscale hierarchical helical structures with diverse functions are abundant in nature. Here we show how spontaneous helicity can be induced in a synthetic polymeric nanobristle assembling in an evaporating liquid. We use a simple theoretical model to characterize the geometry, stiffness, and surface properties of the pillars that favor the adhesive self-organization of bundles with pillars wound around each other. The process can be controlled to yield highly ordered helical clusters with a unique structural hierarchy that arises from the sequential assembly of self-similar coiled building blocks over multiple length scales. We demonstrate their function in the context of self-assembly into previously unseen structures with uniform, periodic patterns and controlled handedness and as an efficient particle-trapping and adhesive system.

http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/323/5911/237
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