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Objectives The purpose of this study is to investigate anti-inflammatory effects of toluhydroquinone in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Methods Toluhydroquinone was purified from a fungal strain, Aspergillus sp. We investigated that levels of nitric oxide (NO) using Griess reagent, production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and pro-inflammatory cytokines using ELISA assay. We conducted Western blot analysis to investigate regulatory effects of toluhydroquinone on expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxyganse-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. The translocation of NF-κB was detected by immunofluorescence staining. Key findings Toluhydroquinone inhibited production of NO and PGE2 via suppressing protein expression of iNOS and COX-2, respectively. Secretion and expression of inflammatory cytokines were down-regulated by toluhydroquinone as well. Toluhydroquinone reduced phosphorylation of Akt, NF-κB and MAPKs. Moreover, toluhydroquinone inhibited translocation of NF-κB from the cytosol into the nucleus. Conclusions We revealed that inhibitory effects of toluhydroquinone on expression of inflammatory mediators are induced through inactivation of Akt, NF-κB and MAPKs. Thus, our results suggest that toluhydroquinone may be used for a potential anti-inflammatory reagent.
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