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²ÄÁÏ¿ÆÑ§»ù´¡×¨Òµ´Ê»ã:µÚÒ»Õ¾§Ìå½á¹¹ Ô×ÓÖÊÁ¿µ¥Î» Atomic mass unit (amu) Ô×ÓÊý Atomic number Ô×ÓÁ¿ Atomic weight ²¨¶ûÔ×ÓÄ£ÐÍ Bohr atomic model ¼üÄÜ Bonding energy ¿âÂØÁ¦ Coulombic force ¹²¼Û¼ü Covalent bond ·Ö×ӵĹ¹ÐÍ molecular configuration µç×Ó¹¹ÐÍ electronic configuration ¸ºµçµÄ Electronegative ÕýµçµÄ Electropositive »ù̬ Ground state Çâ¼ü Hydrogen bond Àë×Ó¼ü Ionic bond Í¬Î»ËØ Isotope ½ðÊô¼ü Metallic bond Ħ¶û Mole ·Ö×Ó Molecule ÅÝÀû²»ÏàÈÝÔÀí Pauli exclusion principle ÔªËØÖÜÆÚ±í Periodic table Ô×Ó atom ·Ö×Ó molecule ·Ö×ÓÁ¿ molecule weight ¼«ÐÔ·Ö×Ó Polar molecule Á¿×ÓÊý quantum number ¼Ûµç×Ó valence electron ·¶µÂ»ª¼ü van der waals bond µç×Ó¹ìµÀ electron orbitals µãȺ point group ¶Ô³ÆÒªËØ symmetry elements ¸÷ÏòÒìÐÔ anisotropy Ô×Ó¶Ñ»ýÒòÊý atomic packing factor(APF) ÌåÐÄÁ¢·½½á¹¹ body-centered cubic (BCC) ÃæÐÄÁ¢·½½á¹¹ face-centered cubic (FCC) ²¼À¸ñ¶¨ÂÉ bragg¡¯s law ÅäλÊý coordination number ¾§Ìå½á¹¹ crystal structure ¾§Ïµ crystal system ¾§ÌåµÄ crystalline ÑÜÉä diffraction ÖÐ×ÓÑÜÉä neutron diffraction µç×ÓÑÜÉä electron diffraction ¾§½ç grain boundary Áù·½Ãܶѻý hexagonal close-packed (HCP) ±«ÁÖ¹æÔò Pauling¡¯s rules NaClÐͽṹ NaCl£type structure CsClÐͽṹ Caesium Chloride structure ÉÁп¿óÐͽṹ Blende-type structure ÏËп¿óÐͽṹ Wurtzite structure ½ðºìʯÐͽṹ Rutile structure өʯÐͽṹ Fluorite structure ¸ÆîÑ¿óÐͽṹ Perovskite-type structure ¼â¾§Ê¯Ðͽṹ Spinel-type structure ¹èËáÑνṹ Structure of silicates µº×´½á¹¹ Island structure Á´×´½á¹¹ Chain structure ²ã×´½á¹¹ Layer structure ¼Ü×´½á¹¹ Framework structure »¬Ê¯ talc Ò¶À¯Ê¯ pyrophyllite ¸ßÁëʯ kaolinite ʯӢ quartz ³¤Ê¯ feldspar ÃÀéÏéʯ forsterite ¸÷ÏòͬÐ﵀ isotropic ¸÷ÏòÒìÐ﵀ anisotropy ¾§¸ñ lattice ¾§¸ñ²ÎÊý lattice parameters ÃÜÀÕÖ¸Êý miller indices ·Ç½á¾§µÄ noncrystalline ¶à¾§µÄ polycrystalline ¶à¾§ÐÎ polymorphism µ¥¾§ single crystal ¾§°û unit cell µçλ electron states (»¯ºÏ)¼Û valence µç×Ó electrons ¹²¼Û¼ü covalent bonding ½ðÊô¼ü metallic bonding Àë×Ó¼ü Ionic bonding ¼«ÐÔ·Ö×Ó polar molecules Ô×ÓÃæÃÜ¶È atomic planar density ÑÜÉä½Ç diffraction angle ºÏ½ð alloy Á£¶È,¾§Á£´óС grain size ÏÔ΢½á¹¹ microstructure ÏÔ΢ÕÕÏà photomicrograph ɨÃèµç×ÓÏÔ΢¾µ scanning electron microscope (SEM) ͸Éäµç×ÓÏÔ΢¾µ transmission electron microscope (TEM) ÖØÁ¿°Ù·ÖÊý weight percent ËÄ·½µÄ tetragonal µ¥Ð±µÄ monoclinic ÅäλÊý coordination number ²ÄÁÏ¿ÆÑ§»ù´¡×¨Òµ´Ê»ã:µÚ¶þÕ¾§Ìå½á¹¹È±ÏÝ ¹ÌÈÜÌå solid solution ¹ÌÈÜ¶È solid solubility »¯ºÏÎï compound ¼ä϶¹ÌÈÜÌå interstitial solid solution Öû»¹ÌÈÜÌå substitutional solid solution ½ðÊô¼ä»¯ºÏÎï intermetallics ²»»ìÈܹÌÈÜÌå immiscible solid solution תÈÛÐ͹ÌÈÜÌå peritectic solid solution ÓÐÐò¹ÌÈÜÌå ordered solid solution ÎÞÐò¹ÌÈÜÌå disordered solid solution ¹ÌÈÜÇ¿»¯ solid solution strengthening È¡´úÐ͹ÌÈÜÌå Substitutional solid solutions ¹ý±¥ºÍ¹ÌÈÜÌå supersaturated solid solution ·Ç»¯Ñ§¼ÆÁ¿»¯ºÏÎï Nonstoichiometric compound ȱÏÝ defect, imperfection µãȱÏÝ point defect ÏßȱÏÝ line defect, dislocation ÃæÈ±ÏÝ interface defect ÌåȱÏÝ volume defect λ´íÅÅÁÐ dislocation arrangement λ´íÏß dislocation line ÈÐλ´í edge dislocation ÂÝλ´í screw dislocation »ìºÏλ´í mixed dislocation ¾§½ç grain boundaries ´ó½Ç¶È¾§½ç high-angle grain boundaries С½Ç¶È¾§½ç tilt boundary, ÂϾ§½ç twin boundaries λ´íÕóÁÐ dislocation array λ´íÆøÍÅ dislocation atmosphere λ´íÖá dislocation axis λ´í°û dislocation cell λ´íÅÀÒÆ dislocation climb λ´í¾Û½á dislocation coalescence λ´í»¬ÒÆ dislocation slip λ´íºËÐÄÄÜÁ¿ dislocation core energy λ´íÁÑÎÆ dislocation crack λ´í×èÄá dislocation damping λ´íÃÜ¶È dislocation density Ô×Ó´íλ substitution of a wrong atom ¼ä϶Ô×Ó interstitial atom ¾§¸ñ¿Õλ vacant lattice sites ¼ä϶λÖà interstitial sites ÔÓÖÊ impurities ¸¥Â׿˶ûȱÏÝ Frenkel disorder ФÍÑ»ùȱÏÝ Schottky disorder Ö÷¾§Ïà the host lattice ´íλÔ×Ó misplaced atoms µÞºÏÖÐÐÄ Associated Centers. ×ÔÓɵç×Ó Free Electrons µç×Ó¿ÕѨ Electron Holes ²®¸ñ˹ʸÁ¿ Burgers ¿ËÂÞ¸÷-Ã÷¿Ë·ûºÅ Kroger Vink notation ÖÐÐÔÔ×Ó neutral atom ²ÄÁÏ¿ÆÑ§»ù´¡×¨Òµ´Ê»ã:µÚÈýÕÂÈÛÌå½á¹¹ Ìå½á¹¹ structure of melt ¹ýÀäÒºÌå supercooling melt ²£Á§Ì¬ vitreous state Èí»¯ÎÂ¶È softening temperature Õ³¶È viscosity ±íÃæÕÅÁ¦ Surface tension ½éÎÈ̬¹ý¶ÉÏà metastable phase ×éÖ¯ constitution ´ã»ð quenching ÍË»ðµÄ softened ²£Á§·ÖÏà phase separation in glasses Ìå»ýÊÕËõ volume shrinkage ²ÄÁÏ¿ÆÑ§»ù´¡×¨Òµ´Ê»ã:µÚËÄÕ¹ÌÌåµÄ±íÃæÓë½çÃæ ±íÃæ surface ½çÃæ interface ͬÏà½çÃæ homophase boundary ÒìÏà½çÃæ heterophase boundary ¾§½ç grain boundary ±íÃæÄÜ surface energy С½Ç¶È¾§½ç low angle grain boundary ´ó½Ç¶È¾§½ç high angle grain boundary ¹²¸ñÂϾ§½ç coherent twin boundary ¾§½çÇ¨ÒÆ grain boundary migration ´íÅä¶È mismatch ³ÛÔ¥ relaxation ÖØ¹¹ reconstuction ±íÃæÎü¸½ surface adsorption ±íÃæÄÜ surface energy Çãת¾§½ç titlt grain boundary Ťת¾§½ç twist grain boundary µ¹Ò×ÃÜ¶È reciprocal density ¹²¸ñ½çÃæ coherent boundary °ë¹²¸ñ½çÃæ semi-coherent boundary ·Ç¹²¸ñ½çÃæ noncoherent boundary ½çÃæÄÜ interfacial free energy Ó¦±äÄÜ strain energy ¾§ÌåѧȡÏò¹ØÏµ crystallographic orientation ¹ßÏ°Ãæ habit plane ²ÄÁÏ¿ÆÑ§»ù´¡×¨Òµ´Ê»ã:µÚÎåÕÂÏàͼ Ïàͼ phase diagrams Ïà phase ×é·Ö component ×éÔª compoonent ÏàÂÉ Phase rule ͶӰͼ Projection drawing Ũ¶ÈÈý½ÇÐÎ Concentration triangle ÀäÈ´ÇúÏß Cooling curve ³É·Ö composition ×ÔÓÉ¶È freedom ÏàÆ½ºâ phase equilibrium »¯Ñ§ÊÆ chemical potential ÈÈÁ¦Ñ§ thermodynamics ÏàÂÉ phase rule ¼ª²¼Ë¹ÏàÂÉ Gibbs phase rule ×ÔÓÉÄÜ free energy ¼ª²¼Ë¹×ÔÓÉÄÜ Gibbs free energy ¼ª²¼Ë¹»ìºÏÄÜ Gibbs energy of mixing ¼ª²¼Ë¹ìØ Gibbs entropy ¼ª²¼Ë¹º¯Êý Gibbs function ÈÈÁ¦Ñ§º¯Êý thermodynamics function ÈÈ·ÖÎö thermal analysis ¹ýÀä supercooling ¹ýÀä¶È degree of supercooling ¸Ü¸Ë¶¨ÂÉ lever rule Ïà½ç phase boundary Ïà½çÏß phase boundary line Ïà½ç½»Áª phase boundary crosslinking ¹²éîÏß conjugate lines Ïà½çÓÐÏÞ½»Áª phase boundary crosslinking Ïà½ç·´Ó¦ phase boundary reaction Ïà±ä phase change Ïà×é³É phase composition ¹²¸ñÏà phase-coherent ½ðÏàÏà×éÖ¯ phase constentuent Ïà³Ä phase contrast Ïà³ÄÏÔ΢¾µ phase contrast microscope Ïà³ÄÏÔ΢Êõ phase contrast microscopy Ïà·Ö²¼ phase distribution ÏàÆ½ºâ³£Êý phase equilibrium constant ÏàÆ½ºâͼ phase equilibrium diagram Ïà±äÖͺó phase transition lag Ïà·ÖÀë phase segregation ÏàÐò phase order ÏàÎȶ¨ÐÔ phase stability Ïà̬ phase state ÏàÎȶ¨Çø phase stabile range Ïà±äÎÂ¶È phase transition temperature Ïà±äѹÁ¦ phase transition pressure ͬÖʶྦྷת±ä polymorphic transformation Í¬ËØÒ쾧ת±ä allotropic transformation ÏàÆ½ºâÌõ¼þ phase equilibrium conditions ÏÔ΢½á¹¹ microstructures µÍ¹²ÈÛÌå eutectoid ²»»ìÈÜÐÔ immiscibility ²ÄÁÏ¿ÆÑ§»ù´¡×¨Òµ´Ê»ã:µÚÁùÕÂÀ©É¢ »î»¯ÄÜ activation energy À©É¢Í¨Á¿ diffusion flux Ũ¶ÈÌÝ¶È concentration gradient ·Æ¿ËµÚÒ»¶¨ÂÉ Fick¡¯s first law ·Æ¿ËµÚ¶þ¶¨ÂÉ Fick¡¯s second law Ïà¹ØÒò×Ó correlation factor ÎÈ̬À©É¢ steady state diffusion ·ÇÎÈ̬À©É¢ nonsteady-state diffusion À©É¢ÏµÊý diffusion coefficient Ìø¶¯¼¸ÂÊ jump frequency Ìî϶»úÖÆ interstitalcy mechanism ¾§½çÀ©É¢ grain boundary diffusion ¶Ì·À©É¢ short-circuit diffusion ÉÏÆÂÀ©É¢ uphill diffusion ÏÂÆÂÀ©É¢ Downhill diffusion »¥À©É¢ÏµÊý Mutual diffusion ÉøÌ¼¼Á carburizing Ũ¶ÈÌÝ¶È concentration gradient Ũ¶È·Ö²¼ÇúÏß concentration profile À©É¢Á÷Á¿ diffusion flux Çý¶¯Á¦ driving force ¼ä϶À©É¢ interstitial diffusion ×ÔÀ©É¢ self-diffusion ±íÃæÀ©É¢ surface diffusion ¿ÕλÀ©É¢ vacancy diffusion À©É¢Å¼ diffusion couple À©É¢·½³Ì diffusion equation À©É¢»úÀí diffusion mechanism À©É¢ÌØÐÔ diffusion property ÎÞ¹æÐÐ×ß Random walk ´ï¿Ï·½³Ì Dark equation ¿Â¿Ï´ï¶ûЧӦ Kirkendall equation ±¾Õ÷ÈÈȱÏÝ Intrinsic thermal defect ±¾Õ÷À©É¢ÏµÊý Intrinsic diffusion coefficient Àë×ӵ絼ÂÊ Ion-conductivity ¿Õλ»úÖÆ Vacancy concentration ²ÄÁÏ¿ÆÑ§»ù´¡×¨Òµ´Ê»ã:µÚÆßÕÂÏà±ä ¹ýÀä supercooling ¹ýÀä¶È degree of supercooling ¾§ºË nucleus ÐÎºË nucleation Ðκ˹¦ nucleation energy ¾§Ì峤´ó crystal growth ¾ùÔÈÐÎºË homogeneous nucleation ·Ç¾ùÔÈÐÎºË heterogeneous nucleation ÐκËÂÊ nucleation rate ³¤´óËÙÂÊ growth rate ÈÈÁ¦Ñ§º¯Êý thermodynamics function Áٽ羧ºË critical nucleus Áٽ羧ºË°ë¾¶ critical nucleus radius Ö¦¾§Æ«Îö dendritic segregation ¾Ö²¿Æ½ºâ localized equilibrium ƽºâ·ÖÅäϵÊý equilibrium distributioncoefficient ÓÐЧ·ÖÅäϵÊý effective distribution coefficient ³É·Ö¹ýÀä constitutional supercooling ÒýÁ죨ÁìÏÈ£©Ïà leading phase ¹²¾§×éÖ¯ eutectic structure ²ã×´¹²¾§Ìå lamellar eutectic α¹²¾§ pseudoeutectic ÀëÒì¹²¾§ divorsed eutectic ±íÃæµÈÖá¾§Çø chill zone Öù×´¾§Çø columnar zone ÖÐÐĵÈÖá¾§Çø equiaxed crystal zone ¶¨ÏòÄý¹Ì unidirectional solidification ¼±Àä¼¼Êõ splatcooling ÇøÓòÌá´¿ zone refining µ¥¾§ÌáÀ·¨ Czochralski method ¾§½çÐÎºË boundary nucleation λ´íÐÎºË dislocation nucleation ¾§ºË³¤´ó nuclei growth ˹±öÄǶà·Ö½â spinodal decomposition ÓÐÐòÎÞÐòת±ä disordered-order transition ÂíÊÏÌåÏà±ä martensite phase transformation ÂíÊÏÌå martensite ²ÄÁÏ¿ÆÑ§»ù´¡×¨Òµ´Ê»ã:µÚ°Ë¡¢¾ÅÕ¹ÌÏà·´Ó¦ºÍÉÕ½á ¹ÌÏà·´Ó¦ solid state reaction ÉÕ½á sintering ÉÕ³É fire ºÏ½ð alloy Ôٽᾧ Recrystallization ¶þ´ÎÔٽᾧ Secondary recrystallization ³ÉºË nucleation ½á¾§ crystallization ×Ó¾§£¬³û¾§ matted crystal ñè¾§È¡Ïò seed orientation ÒìÖʺ˻¯ heterogeneous nucleation ¾ùÔÈ»¯ÈÈ´¦Àí homogenization heat treatment Ìú̼ºÏ½ð iron-carbon alloy ÉøÌ¼Ìå cementite ÌúËØÌå ferrite °ÂÊÏÌå austenite ¹²¾§·´Ó¦ eutectic reaction ¹ÌÈÜ´¦Àí solution heat treatment |
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