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Hydrogels are network polymers ¨C composed principally of hydrophilic, cross-linked macromolecules ¨C that absorb water, aqueous solutions, or physiological fluids, but remain insoluble due to their network structure.The cross-links may be strong chemical linkages, temporary entanglements, or weak chemical interactions.Strong chemical cross-links, for example, are commonly made by free radical polymerization of vinyl monomers in the presence of a small amount of cross-linker, which is a comonomer having two or more functional vinyl groups. This cross-linking mechanism is based on covalent bonding in the hydrogel frame or backbone; however, hydrogels may also be chemically linked by reactive sites in pendent groups, which form bridges in the gel between neighboring macromolecules. Interactions between side groups may include ionic associations, or weaker chemical forces such as hydrogen bonding, dipole interactions, and van der Waals forces. Physical networks or physical portions of networks include entanglements and crystallites. In addition, physical interactions in an otherwise amphorous hydrogel may provide some mechanical integrity to hydrogels in their swollen state. Ultimately, gel structure and thermodynamic compatibility with the surrounding solution determine swelling behavior.
From Polymer Science: A Comprehensive Reference, Volume 9
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Hydrogels are network polymers ¨C ...

Ionic bond, also known as electrovalent bond is a type of bond formed from the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions in a chemical compound. These kinds of bonds occur mainly between a metallic and a non metallic atom.
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