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[资源] Military Laser Technology for Defense

CONTENTS
PREFACE xiii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xv
ABOUT THE AUTHOR xvii
I OPTICS TECHNOLOGY FOR DEFENSE SYSTEMS 1
1 OPTICAL RAYS 3
1.1 Paraxial Optics / 4
1.2 Geometric or Ray Optics / 5
1.2.1 Fermat’s Principle / 5
1.2.2 Fermat’s Principle Proves Snell’s Law for Refraction / 5
1.2.3 Limits of Geometric Optics or Ray Theory / 6
1.2.4 Fermat’s Principle Derives Ray Equation / 6
1.2.5 Useful Applications of the Ray Equation / 8
1.2.6 Matrix Representation for Geometric Optics / 9
1.3 Optics for Launching and Receiving Beams / 10
1.3.1 Imaging with a Single Thin Lens / 10
1.3.2 Beam Expanders / 13
1.3.3 Beam Compressors / 14
1.3.4 Telescopes / 14
1.3.5 Microscopes / 17
1.3.6 Spatial Filters / 18
v
vi CONTENTS
2 GAUSSIAN BEAMS AND POLARIZATION 20
2.1 Gaussian Beams / 20
2.1.1 Description of Gaussian Beams / 21
2.1.2 Gaussian Beam with ABCD Law / 24
2.1.3 Forming and Receiving Gaussian Beams with Lenses / 26
2.2 Polarization / 29
2.2.1 Wave Plates or Phase Retarders / 31
2.2.2 Stokes Parameters / 33
2.2.3 Poincaré Sphere / 34
2.2.4 Finding Point on Poincaré Sphere and Elliptical Polarization
from Stokes Parameters / 35
2.2.5 Controlling Polarization / 36
3 OPTICAL DIFFRACTION 38
3.1 Introduction to Diffraction / 38
3.1.1 Description of Diffraction / 39
3.1.2 Review of Fourier Transforms / 40
3.2 Uncertainty Principle for Fourier Transforms / 42
3.2.1 Uncertainty Principle for Fourier Transforms in Time / 42
3.2.2 Uncertainty Principle for Fourier Transforms in Space / 45
3.3 Scalar Diffraction / 47
3.3.1 Preliminaries: Green’s Function and Theorem / 48
3.3.2 Field at a Point due to Field on a Boundary / 48
3.3.3 Diffraction from an Aperture / 50
3.3.4 Fresnel Approximation / 51
3.3.5 Fraunhofer Approximation / 54
3.3.6 Role of Numerical Computation / 56
3.4 Diffraction-Limited Imaging / 56
3.4.1 Intuitive Effect of Aperture in Imaging System / 56
3.4.2 Computing the Diffraction Effect of a Lens Aperture
on Imaging / 57
4 DIFFRACTIVE OPTICAL ELEMENTS 61
4.1 Applications of DOEs / 62
4.2 Diffraction Gratings / 62
4.2.1 Bending Light with Diffraction Gratings and
Grating Equation / 63
4.2.2 Cosinusoidal Grating / 64
4.2.3 Performance of Grating / 66
CONTENTS vii
4.3 Zone Plate Design and Simulation / 67
4.3.1 Appearance and Focusing of Zone Plate / 67
4.3.2 Zone Plate Computation for Design and Simulation / 68
4.4 Gerchberg–Saxton Algorithm for Design of DOEs / 73
4.4.1 Goal of Gerchberg–Saxton Algorithm / 73
4.4.2 Inverse Problem for Diffractive Optical Elements / 73
4.4.3 Gerchberg–Saxton Algorithm for Forward Computation / 74
4.4.4 Gerchberg–Saxton Inverse Algorithm for Designing a
Phase-Only Filter or DOE / 74
5 PROPAGATION AND COMPENSATION FOR
ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE 77
5.1 Statistics Involved / 78
5.1.1 Ergodicity / 79
5.1.2 Locally Homogeneous Random Field Structure Function / 80
5.1.3 Spatial Power Spectrum of Structure Function / 80
5.2 Optical Turbulence in the Atmosphere / 82
5.2.1 Kolmogorov’s Energy Cascade Theory / 83
5.2.2 Power Spectrum Models for Refractive Index in
Optical Turbulence / 85
5.2.3 Atmospheric Temporal Statistics / 86
5.2.4 Long-Distance Turbulence Models / 86
5.3 Adaptive Optics / 86
5.3.1 Devices and Systems for Adaptive Optics / 86
5.4 Computation of Laser Light Through Atmospheric Turbulence / 89
5.4.1 Layered Model of Propagation Through
Turbulent Atmosphere / 90
5.4.2 Generation of Kolmogorov Phase Screens by the
Spectral Method / 92
5.4.3 Generation of Kolmogorov Phase Screens from Covariance
Using Structure Functions / 94
6 OPTICAL INTERFEROMETERS AND OSCILLATORS 99
6.1 Optical Interferometers / 100
6.1.1 Michelson Interferometer / 101
6.1.2 Mach–Zehnder Interferometer / 105
6.1.3 Optical Fiber Sagnac Interferometer / 108
6.2 Fabry–Perot Resonators / 109
6.2.1 Fabry–Perot Principles and Equations / 110
6.2.2 Fabry–Perot Equations / 110
viii CONTENTS
6.2.3 Piezoelectric Tuning of Fabry–Perot Tuners / 116
6.3 Thin-Film Interferometric Filters and Dielectric Mirrors / 116
6.3.1 Applications for Thin Films / 117
6.3.2 Forward Computation Through Thin-Film Layers
with Matrix Method / 118
6.3.3 Inverse Problem of Computing Parameters for Layers / 122
II LASER TECHNOLOGY FOR DEFENSE SYSTEMS 125
7 PRINCIPLES FOR BOUND ELECTRON STATE LASERS 127
7.1 Laser Generation of Bound Electron State Coherent Radiation / 128
7.1.1 Advantages of Coherent Light from a Laser / 128
7.1.2 Basic Light–Matter Interaction Theory for Generating
Coherent Light / 129
7.2 Semiconductor Laser Diodes / 133
7.2.1 p–n Junction / 133
7.2.2 Semiconductor Laser Diode Gain / 136
7.2.3 Semiconductor Laser Dynamics / 139
7.2.4 Semiconductor Arrays for High Power / 140
7.3 Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers / 140
8 POWER LASERS 143
8.1 Characteristics / 144
8.1.1 Wavelength / 144
8.1.2 Beam Quality / 144
8.1.3 Power / 145
8.1.4 Methods of Pumping / 146
8.1.5 Materials for Use with High-Power Lasers / 147
8.2 Solid-State Lasers / 148
8.2.1 Principles of Solid-State Lasers / 148
8.2.2 Frequency Doubling in Solid State Lasers / 150
8.3 Powerful Gas Lasers / 158
8.3.1 Gas Dynamic Carbon Dioxide Power Lasers / 158
8.3.2 COIL System / 160
9 PULSED HIGH PEAK POWER LASERS 165
9.1 Situations in which Pulsed Lasers may be Preferable / 165
9.2 Mode-Locked Lasers / 167
CONTENTS ix
9.2.1 Mode-Locking Lasers / 167
9.2.2 Methods of Implementing Mode Locking / 169
9.3 Q-Switched Lasers / 170
9.4 Space and Time Focusing of Laser Light / 171
9.4.1 Space Focusing with Arrays and Beamforming / 171
9.4.2 Concentrating Light Simultaneously in Time
and Space / 173
10 ULTRAHIGH-POWER CYCLOTRON MASERS/LASERS 177
10.1 Introduction to Cyclotron or Gyro Lasers
and Masers / 178
10.1.1 Stimulated Emission in an Electron Cyclotron / 178
10.2 Gyrotron-Type Lasers and Masers / 179
10.2.1 Principles of Electron Cyclotron Oscillators
and Amplifiers / 180
10.2.2 Gyrotron Operating Point and Structure / 182
10.3 Vircator Impulse Source / 184
10.3.1 Rationale for Considering the Vircator / 184
10.3.2 Structure and Operation of Vircator / 184
10.3.3 Selecting Frequency of Microwave Emission from
a Vircator / 186
10.3.4 Marx Generator / 186
10.3.5 Demonstration Unit of Marx Generator Driving
a Vircator / 188
11 FREE-ELECTRON LASER/MASER 191
11.1 Significance and Principles of Free-Electron
Laser/Maser / 192
11.1.1 Significance of Free-Electron Laser/Maser / 192
11.1.2 Principles of Free-Electron Laser/Maser / 192
11.2 Explanation of Free-Electron Laser Operation / 193
11.2.1 Wavelength Versatility for Free-Electron Laser / 194
11.2.2 Electron Bunching for Stimulated Emission in
Free-Electron Laser / 197
11.3 Description of High- and Low-Power Demonstrations / 199
11.3.1 Proposed Airborne Free-Electron Laser / 199
11.3.2 Demonstration of Low-Power System for
Free-Electron Maser at 8–12 GHz / 200
11.3.3 Achieving Low Frequencies with FELs / 200
x CONTENTS
11.3.4 Range of Tuning / 203
11.3.5 Design of Magnetic Wiggler / 203
III APPLICATIONS TO PROTECT AGAINST
MILITARY THREATS 205
12 LASER PROTECTION FROM MISSILES 207
12.1 Protecting from Missiles and Nuclear-Tipped ICBMs / 208
12.1.1 Introducing Lasers to Protect from Missiles / 208
12.1.2 Protecting from Nuclear-Tipped ICBMs / 209
12.2 The Airborne Laser Program for Protecting from ICBMs / 212
12.2.1 Lasers in Airborne Laser / 212
12.2.2 Incorporating Adaptive Optics for Main Beam Cleanup
into Airborne Laser / 213
12.2.3 Incorporating Adaptive Optics to Compensate for
Atmospheric Turbulence in ABL / 215
12.2.4 Illuminating Lasers for Selecting Target Aim Point / 215
12.2.5 Nose Turret / 217
12.2.6 Challenges Encountered in the ABL Program / 217
12.2.7 Modeling Adaptive Optics and Tracking for
Airborne Laser / 219
12.3 Protecting from Homing Missiles / 223
12.3.1 Threat to Aircraft from Homing Missiles / 223
12.3.2 Overview of On-Aircraft Laser Countermeasure System / 224
12.3.3 Operation of Countermeasure Subsystems / 227
12.3.4 Protecting Aircraft from Ground-Based Missiles / 228
12.4 Protecting Assets from Missiles / 228
13 LASER TO ADDRESS THREAT OF NEW NUCLEAR WEAPONS 231
13.1 Laser Solution to Nuclear Weapons Threat / 231
13.1.1 Main Purpose of U.S. and International Efforts / 231
13.1.2 Benefits of Massive Laser Project / 232
13.1.3 About the NIF Laser / 232
13.2 Description of National Infrastructure Laser / 233
13.2.1 Structure of the NIF Laser / 233
14 PROTECTING ASSETS FROM DIRECTED ENERGY LASERS 237
14.1 Laser Characteristics Estimated by Laser Warning Device / 238
14.2 Laser Warning Devices / 239
CONTENTS xi
14.2.1 Grating for Simultaneously Estimating Direction
and Frequency / 240
14.2.2 Lens for Estimating Direction Only / 242
14.2.3 Fizeau Interferometer / 243
14.2.4 Integrated Array Waveguide Grating Optic Chip for
Spectrum Analysis / 245
14.2.5 Design of AWG for Laser Weapons / 249
15 LIDAR PROTECTS FROM CHEMICAL/BIOLOGICAL
WEAPONS 251
15.1 Introduction to Lidar and Military Applications / 252
15.1.1 Other Military Applications for Lidar / 252
15.2 Description of Typical Lidar System / 253
15.2.1 Laser / 253
15.2.2 Cassegrain Transmit/Receive Antennas / 254
15.2.3 Receiver Optics and Detector / 254
15.2.4 Lidar Equation / 255
15.3 Spectrometers / 257
15.3.1 Fabry–Perot-Based Laboratory Optical Spectrum
Analyzer / 258
15.3.2 Diffraction-Based Spectrometer / 258
15.3.3 Grating Operation in Spectrometer / 260
15.3.4 Grating Efficiency / 261
15.4 Spectroscopic Lidar Senses Chemical Weapons / 262
15.4.1 Transmission Detection of Chemical and
Biological Materials / 262
15.4.2 Scattering Detection of Chemical and Bacteriological
Weapons Using Lidar / 263
16 94 GHz RADAR DETECTS/TRACKS/IDENTIFIES OBJECTS
IN BAD WEATHER 265
16.1 PropagationofElectromagneticRadiationThroughAtmosphere / 266
16.2 High-Resolution Inclement Weather 94 GHz Radar / 267
16.2.1 94 GHz Radar System Description / 267
16.2.2 Gyroklystron with Quasi-Optical Resonator / 269
16.2.3 Overmoded Low 94 GHz Loss Transmission Line
from Gyroklystron to Antenna / 271
16.2.4 Quasi-Optical Duplexer / 272
16.2.5 Antenna / 273
16.2.6 Data Processing and Performance / 273
xii CONTENTS
16.3 Applications, Monitoring Space, High Doppler, and
Low Sea Elevation / 274
16.3.1 Monitoring Satellites in Low Earth Orbit / 274
16.3.2 Problem of Detecting and Tracking Lower Earth
Orbit Debris / 275
16.3.3 Doppler Detection and Identification / 276
16.3.4 Low Elevation Radar at Sea / 276
17 PROTECTING FROM TERRORISTS WITH W-BAND 277
17.1 Nonlethal Crowd Control with Active Denial System / 278
17.2 Body Scanning for Hidden Weapons / 279
17.3 Inspecting Unopened Packages / 282
17.3.1 Principles for Proposed Unopened Package Inspection / 283
17.4 Destruction and Protection of Electronics / 284
17.4.1 Interfering or Destroying Enemy Electronics / 285
17.4.2 Protecting Electronics from Electromagnetic
Destruction / 286
BIBLIOGRAPHY 289
INDEX 299
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