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    Over the last year, beekeepers in the U.S. lost nearly half their honeybee hives. And there are a lot of     (1)    culprits for this so-called beepocalypse¡ªfrom parasitic mites, to viruses, to simple land use changes. But a study out earlier this year    (2)      to another possibility: poor sperm quality among the drone bees, leading to colony    (3)    . And now another group of researchers may have found a reason for the subpar sperm: neonicotinoid pesticides. These substances contain chemicals similar to nicotine and affect insect    (4)    systems. 
    "So for the drones that were    (5)    to pesticides during development, it appears there were more dead sperm in their reproductive tracts." Geoff Williams, an entomologist at the University of Bern in Switzerland and Agroscope, a Swiss federal research facility.
    Williams and his colleagues studied the effects of two neonicotinoid pesticides on honeybee drones, genetically assigned to mate with    (6)    . "They've got really big eyes so they can    (7)    these queens flying through the air. They eat and have sex. Or try to have sex at least." 
But in 20 honeybee hives Williams and his    (8)    found that those drones exposed to standard environmental levels of the pesticides were shorter-lived, thus having fewer opportunities to mate. And even if the drones did survive, they had nearly 40 percent fewer living sperm than did control bees¡ªmeaning the pesticides were acting like honeybee contraceptives. The study appears in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
Williams says pesticides are just one of many factors    (9)    bees. But it looks like the way farmers treat some crops could    (10)    affect the pollinators those crops also rely on. 
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