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http://www.cellsignallingbiology.org/csb/ Contents 1 Introduction The aim of this website is to describe cell signalling within its biological context. There has been an explosion in the characterization of signalling components and pathways. The next major challenge is to understand how cells exploit this large signalling toolkit to assemble the specific signalling pathways they require to communicate with each other. 2 Cell signalling pathways Cells use a large number of clearly defined signalling pathways to regulate their activity. This module focusses on the ON mechanisms responsible for transmitting information into the cell. 3 Ion channels Ion channels have two main signalling functions: either they can generate second messengers or they can function as effectors by responding to such messengers. 4 Sensors and effectors Signalling pathways regulate cellular processes by acting through sensors to stimulate the downstream effectors that are responsible for controlling different cellular processes. 5 Off mechanisms Signalling pathways are composed of the ON mechanisms that generate internal signals and the OFF mechanisms that remove these signals as cells recover from stimulation. 6 Spatial and temporal aspects of signalling The function and efficiency of cell signalling pathways are very dependent on their organization both in space and time. With regard to spatial organization, signalling components are highly organized with respect to their cellular location and how they transmit information from one region of the cell to another. 7 Cellular processes Signalling pathways use different messenger systems acting through specific sensors and effectors to control a great variety of cell types 8 Development Development encompasses the programme of events that begins with fertilization and culminates in complex multicellular organisms like ourselves. During development, each cell type puts in place a specific signalling system necessary to control its particular function. The stability of these cell-specific signalling systems is maintained by an internal assessment system to ensure that cells continue to deliver the appropriate signals necessary to regulate their activity. 9 Cell cycle and proliferation Cell proliferation is the process whereby cells reproduce themselves by growing and then dividing into two equal copies. Growth factors employ a range of growth factor signalling pathways to activate cells to enter the cell cycle. 10 Neuronal signalling The central nervous system contains approximately one trillion (1012) neurons that are connected to each other to form neural circuits of bewildering complexity. Memory formation is one of the primary functions of these neuronal circuits. 11 Cell stress, inflammatory responses and cell death Cells have intrinsic signalling mechanisms that are capable of sensing various deleterious conditions, both normal and pathological, and respond by mounting a variety of stress responses. 12 Signalling defects and disease A large number of diseases are caused by defects in signalling pathways. These defects are caused by either genotypic or phenotypic changes in the cell-specific signalling pathways that regulate multiple cellular functions. |
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