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MIT教材Kelppner 力学导论（2013版） 非扫描版
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毫无疑问这是世界上最经典的力学甚至是物理学的入门书。 目录 1 VECTORS AND KINEMATICS 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Vectors 1.3 The Algebra of Vectors 1.4 Multiplying Vectors 1.5 Components of a Vector 1.6 Base Vectors 1.7 The Position Vector r and Displacement 1.8 Velocity and Acceleration 1.9 Formal Solution of Kinematical Equations 1.10 More about the Time Derivative of a Vector 1.11 Motion in Plane Polar Coordinates Note 1.1 Approximation Methods Note 1.2 The Taylor Series Note 1.3 Series Expansions of Some Common Functions Note 1.4 Differentials Note 1.5 Significant Figures and Experimental Uncertainty Problems 2 NEWTON’S LAWS 47 2.1 Introduction 48 2.2 Newtonian Mechanics and Modern Physics 48 2.3 Newton’s Laws 49 2.4 Newton’s First Law and Inertial Systems 51 2.5 Newton’s Second Law 51 2.6 Newton’s Third Law 54 2.7 Base Units and Physical Standards 59 2.8 The Algebra of Dimensions 63 2.9 Applying Newton’s Laws 64 2.10 Dynamics Using Polar Coordinates 72 Problems 77 3 FORCES AND EQUATIONS OF MOTION 81 3.1 Introduction 82 3.2 The Fundamental Forces of Physics 82 3.3 Gravity 83 3.4 Some Phenomenological Forces 89 3.5 A Digression on Differential Equations 95 3.6 Viscosity 98 3.7 Hooke’s Law and Simple Harmonic Motion 102 Note 3.1 The Gravitational Force of a Spherical Shell 107 Problems 110 4 MOMENTUM 115 4.1 Introduction 116 4.2 Dynamics of a System of Particles 116 4.3 Center of Mass 119 4.4 Center of Mass Coordinates 124 4.5 Conservation of Momentum 130 4.6 Impulse and a Restatement of the Momentum Relation 131 4.7 Momentum and the Flow of Mass 136 4.8 Rocket Motion 138 4.9 Momentum Flow and Force 143 4.10 Momentum Flux 145 Note 4.1 Center of Mass of Two- and Three-dimensional Objects 151 Problems 155 5 ENERGY 161 5.1 Introduction 162 5.2 Integrating Equations of Motion in One Dimension 162 5.3 Work and Energy 166 5.4 The Conservation of Mechanical Energy 179 5.5 Potential Energy 182 5.6 What Potential Energy Tells Us about Force 185 CONTENTS vii 5.7 Energy Diagrams 185 5.8 Non-conservative Forces 187 5.9 Energy Conservation and the Ideal Gas Law 189 5.10 Conservation Laws 192 5.11 World Energy Usage 194 Note 5.1 Correction to the Period of a Pendulum 199 Note 5.2 Force, Potential Energy, and the Vector Operator ∇ 200 Problems 205 6 TOPICS IN DYNAMICS 211 6.1 Introduction 212 6.2 Small Oscillations in a Bound System 212 6.3 Stability 217 6.4 Normal Modes 219 6.5 Collisions and Conservation Laws 225 Problems 233 7 ANGULAR MOMENTUM AND FIXED AXIS ROTATION 239 7.1 Introduction 240 7.2 Angular Momentum of a Particle 241 7.3 Fixed Axis Rotation 245 7.4 Torque 250 7.5 Torque and Angular Momentum 252 7.6 Dynamics of Fixed Axis Rotation 260 7.7 Pendulum Motion and Fixed Axis Rotation 262 7.8 Motion Involving Translation and Rotation 267 7.9 The Work–Energy Theorem and Rotational Motion 273 7.10 The Bohr Atom 277 Note 7.1 Chasles’ Theorem 280 Note 7.2 A Summary of the Dynamics of Fixed Axis Rotation 282 Problems 282 8 RIGID BODY MOTION 291 8.1 Introduction 292 8.2 The Vector Nature of Angular Velocity and Angular Momentum 292 8.3 The Gyroscope 300 8.4 Examples of Rigid Body Motion 304 8.5 Conservation of Angular Momentum 310 8.6 Rigid Body Rotation and the Tensor of Inertia 312 8.7 Advanced Topics in Rigid Body Dynamics 320 Note 8.1 Finite and Infinitesimal Rotations 329 Note 8.2 More about Gyroscopes 331 Problems 337 viii CONTENTS 9 NON-INERTIAL SYSTEMS AND FICTITIOUS FORCES 341 9.1 Introduction 342 9.2 Galilean Transformation 342 9.3 Uniformly Accelerating Systems 344 9.4 The Principle of Equivalence 347 9.5 Physics in a Rotating Coordinate System 356 Note 9.1 The Equivalence Principle and the Gravitational Red Shift 368 Problems 370 10 CENTRAL FORCE MOTION 373 10.1 Introduction 374 10.2 Central Force Motion as a One-body Problem 374 10.3 Universal Features of Central Force Motion 376 10.4 The Energy Equation and Energy Diagrams 379 10.5 Planetary Motion 386 10.6 Some Concluding Comments on Planetary Motion 402 Note 10.1 Note 10.2 Problems Integrating the Orbit Integral 403 Properties of the Ellipse 405 407 11 THE HARMONIC OSCILLATOR 411 11.1 Introduction 412 11.2 Simple Harmonic Motion: Review 412 11.3 The Damped Harmonic Oscillator 414 11.4 The Driven Harmonic Oscillator 421 11.5 Transient Behavior 425 11.6 Response in Time and Response in Frequency 427 Note 11.1 Complex Numbers 430 Note 11.2 Solving the Equation of Motion for the Damped Oscillator 431 Note 11.3 Solving the Equation of Motion for the Driven Harmonic Oscillator 434 Problems 435 12 THE SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY 439 12.1 Introduction 440 12.2 The Possibility of Flaws in Newtonian Physics 440 12.3 The Michelson–Morley Experiment 442 12.4 The Special Theory of Relativity 445 12.5 Transformations 447 12.6 Simultaneity and the Order of Events 450 12.7 The Lorentz Transformation 451 12.8 Relativistic Kinematics 454 12.9 The Relativistic Addition of Velocities 463 12.10 The Doppler Effect 466 12.11 The Twin Paradox 470 Problems 472 RELATIVISTIC DYNAMICS 477 13.1 Introduction 478 13.2 Relativistic Momentum 478 13.3 Relativistic Energy 481 13.4 How Relativistic Energy and Momentum are Related 487 13.5 The Photon: A Massless Particle 488 13.6 How Einstein Derived E = mc2 498 Problems 499 SPACETIME PHYSICS 503 14.1 Introduction 504 14.2 Vector Transformations 504 14.3 World Lines in Spacetime 506 14.4 An Invariant in Spacetime 508 14.5 Four-Vectors 509 14.6 The Energy–Momentum Four-Vector 512 14.7 Epilogue: General Relativity 513 Problems 515 HINTS, CLUES, AND ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 519 APPENDIX A MISCELLANEOUS PHYSICAL AND ASTRONOMICAL DATA 527 APPENDIX B GREEK ALPHABET 529 APPENDIX C SI PREFIXES 531 INDEX 533 |
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