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[资源] Applications of microdialysis in pharmaceutical science

Introduction to Applications of Microdialysis in
Pharmaceutical Science 1
Tung-Hu Tsai
2 Microdialysis in Drug Discovery 7
Christian Höcht
1. Introduction, 7
2. Phases of Drug Development, 8
3. Role of Biomarkers in Drug Development, 11
4. Role of Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Modeling
in Drug Development, 12
5. Role of Microdialysis in Drug Development, 15
6. Microdialysis Sampling in the Drug Development of
Specifi c Therapeutic Groups, 20
7. Regulatory Aspects of Microdialysis Sampling in
Drug Development, 29
8. Conclusions, 30
3 Analytical Considerations for Microdialysis Sampling 39
Pradyot Nandi, Courtney D. Kuhnline, and Susan M. Lunte
1. Introduction, 39
2. Analytical Methodologies, 49
3. Conclusions, 75
v
vi CONTENTS
4 Monitoring Dopamine in the Mesocorticolimbic and Nigrostriatal
Systems by Microdialysis: Relevance for Mood Disorders and
Parkinson’s Disease 93
Giuseppe Di Giovanni, Massimo Pierucci, and Vincenzo Di Matteo
1. Introduction, 93
2. Pathophysiology of Serotonin–Dopamine Interaction:
Implication for Mood Disorders, 94
3. Dopamine Depletion in the Nigrostriatal System:
Parkinson’s Disease, 109
4. Conclusions, 120
5 Monitoring Neurotransmitter Amino Acids by Microdialysis:
Pharmacodynamic Applications 151
Sandrine Parrot, Bernard Renaud, Luc Zimmer, and Luc Denoroy
1. Introduction, 151
2. Monitoring Neurotransmitter Amino Acids
by Microdialysis, 152
3. Basic Research on Receptors, 162
4. Psychostimulants and Addictive Drugs, 168
5. Analgesia, 177
6. Ischemia–Anoxia, 182
7. Conclusions and Perspectives, 188
6 Microdialysis as a Tool to Unravel Neurobiological
Mechanisms of Seizures and Antiepileptic Drug Action 207
Ilse Smolders, Ralph Clinckers, and Yvette Michotte
1. Introduction, 207
2. Microdialysis to Characterize Seizure-Related
Neurobiological and Metabolic Changes in Animal Models
and in Humans, 209
3. Microdialysis as a Chemoconvulsant Delivery Tool in
Animal Seizure Models, 217
4. Microdialysis Used to Elucidate Mechanisms of
Electrical Brain Stimulation and Neuronal Circuits
Involved in Seizures, 218
5. Microdialysis Used to Unravel the Mechanisms of
Action of Established Antiepileptic Drugs and
New Therapeutic Strategies, 219
6. Microdialysis Studies in the Search for Mechanisms
of Adverse Effects of Clinically Used Drugs, Drugs of
Abuse, and Toxins, 224
7. Combining Microdialysis with Other Complementary
Neurotechniques to Unravel Mechanisms of Seizures
and Epilepsy, 226
CONTENTS vii
8. The Advantage of Microdialysis Used to Sample Biophase
Antiepileptic Drug Levels and to Monitor Neurotransmitters
as Markers for Anticonvulsant Activity, 228
9. Microdialysis Used to Study Relationships Between
Epilepsy and Its Comorbidities, 236
7 Microdialysis in Lung Tissue: Monitoring of Exogenous
and Endogenous Compounds 255
Thomas Feurstein and Markus Zeitlinger
1. Introduction, 255
2. Special Aspects Associated with Lung Microdialysis
Compared to Microdialysis in Other Tissues, 255
3. Insertion of Microdialysis Probes into Lung Tissue, 256
4. Insertion of Microdialysis Probes into the
Bronchial System, 257
5. Types of Probes, 258
6. Endogenous Compounds, 258
7. Exogenous Drugs, 259
8. Animal Data, 260
9. Clinical Data, 262
10. Comparison of Pharmacokinetic Data in
Lung Obtained by Microdialysis and Other Techniques, 264
11. Predictability of Lung Concentrations by Measurements
in Other Tissues, 265
8 Microdialysis in the Hepatobiliary System: Monitoring
Drug Metabolism, Hepatobiliary Excretion, and
Enterohepatic Circulation 275
Yu-Tse Wu and Tung-Hu Tsai
1. Introduction, 275
2. Experimental Considerations of Pharmacokinetic
Studies, 279
3. Pharmacokinetic and Hepatobiliary Excretion Studies
Employing Microdialysis, 284
4. Conclusions, 287
9 Microdialysis Used to Measure the Metabolism of Glucose,
Lactate, and Glycerol 295
Greg Nowak
1. Introduction, 295
2. Glucose, 299
3. Lactate, 301
4. Lactate/Pyruvate Ratio, 303
5. Glycerol, 303
viii CONTENTS
10 Clinical Microdialysis in Skin and Soft Tissues 313
Martina Sahre, Runa Naik, and Hartmut Derendorf
1. Introduction, 313
2. Tissue Bioavailability, 314
3. PK–PD Indices, 323
4. Topical Bioequivalence, 329
5. Endogenous Compounds, 330
6. Conclusions, 331
11 Microdialysis on Adipose Tissue: Monitoring Tissue
Metabolism and Blood Flow in Humans 335
Gijs H. Goossens, Wim H. M. Saris, and Ellen E. Blaak
1. Introduction, 335
2. Principles and Practical Considerations in the Use of
Microdialysis on Adipose Tissue, 336
3. Use of Microdialysis on Adipose Tissue in Humans, 342
4. Summary and Conclusions, 353
12 Microdialysis as a Monitoring System for Human Diabetes 359
Anna Ciechanowska, Jan M. Wojcicki, Iwona Maruniak-Chudek,
Piotr Ladyzynski, and Janusz Krzymien
1. Introduction, 359
2. Monitoring Acute Complications of Diabetes, 362
13 Microdialysis Use in Tumors: Drug Disposition and
Tumor Response 403
Qingyu Zhou and James M. Gallo
1. Introduction, 403
2. Microdialysis as a Sampling Technique in Oncology, 404
3. Experimental Considerations, 408
4. Examples of the Use of Microdialysis to Characterize Drug
Disposition in Tumor, 414
5. Use of Microdialysis in the Evaluation of Tumor Response
to Therapy, 423
6. Conclusions and Future Perspectives, 423
14 Microdialysis Versus Imaging Techniques for In Vivo
Drug Distribution Measurements 431
Martin Brunner
1. Introduction, 431
2. Microdialysis, 432
3. Imaging Techniques, 434
4. Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetic Resonance
Spectroscopy, 434
CONTENTS ix
5. Positron–Emission Tomography, 435
6. Combination of Microdialysis and Imaging Techniques, 436
7. Summary and Conclusions, 438
15 In Vitro Applications of Microdialysis 445
Wen-Chuan Lee and Tung-Hu Tsai
1. Introduction, 445
2. Microdialysis Used in Culture Systems, 446
3. Microdialysis Used in Enzyme Kinetics, 453
4. Microdialysis Used in Protein Binding, 455
5. Conclusions, 456
16 Microdialysis in Drug–Drug Interaction 465
Mitsuhiro Wada, Rie Ikeda, and Kenichiro Nakashima
1. Introduction, 465
2. Pharmacokinetic Drug–Drug Interaction, 472
3. Pharmacodynamic Drug–Drug Interaction, 487
4. Conclusions, 501
17 Microdialysis in Environmental Monitoring 509
Manuel Miró and Wolfgang Frenzel
1. Introduction, 509
2. In Vivo and In Situ Sampling: Similarities and Differences, 510
3. Critical Parameters Infl uencing Relative Recoveries, 513
4. Detection Techniques, 518
5. Calibration Methods, 519
6. Environmental Applications of Microdialysis, 520
7. Conclusions and Future Trends, 524
INDEX 531

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