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Applications of microdialysis in pharmaceutical science
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 Introduction to Applications of Microdialysis in Pharmaceutical Science 1 Tung-Hu Tsai 2 Microdialysis in Drug Discovery 7 Christian Höcht 1. Introduction, 7 2. Phases of Drug Development, 8 3. Role of Biomarkers in Drug Development, 11 4. Role of Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Modeling in Drug Development, 12 5. Role of Microdialysis in Drug Development, 15 6. Microdialysis Sampling in the Drug Development of Specifi c Therapeutic Groups, 20 7. Regulatory Aspects of Microdialysis Sampling in Drug Development, 29 8. Conclusions, 30 3 Analytical Considerations for Microdialysis Sampling 39 Pradyot Nandi, Courtney D. Kuhnline, and Susan M. Lunte 1. Introduction, 39 2. Analytical Methodologies, 49 3. Conclusions, 75 v vi CONTENTS 4 Monitoring Dopamine in the Mesocorticolimbic and Nigrostriatal Systems by Microdialysis: Relevance for Mood Disorders and Parkinson’s Disease 93 Giuseppe Di Giovanni, Massimo Pierucci, and Vincenzo Di Matteo 1. Introduction, 93 2. Pathophysiology of Serotonin–Dopamine Interaction: Implication for Mood Disorders, 94 3. Dopamine Depletion in the Nigrostriatal System: Parkinson’s Disease, 109 4. Conclusions, 120 5 Monitoring Neurotransmitter Amino Acids by Microdialysis: Pharmacodynamic Applications 151 Sandrine Parrot, Bernard Renaud, Luc Zimmer, and Luc Denoroy 1. Introduction, 151 2. Monitoring Neurotransmitter Amino Acids by Microdialysis, 152 3. Basic Research on Receptors, 162 4. Psychostimulants and Addictive Drugs, 168 5. Analgesia, 177 6. Ischemia–Anoxia, 182 7. Conclusions and Perspectives, 188 6 Microdialysis as a Tool to Unravel Neurobiological Mechanisms of Seizures and Antiepileptic Drug Action 207 Ilse Smolders, Ralph Clinckers, and Yvette Michotte 1. Introduction, 207 2. Microdialysis to Characterize Seizure-Related Neurobiological and Metabolic Changes in Animal Models and in Humans, 209 3. Microdialysis as a Chemoconvulsant Delivery Tool in Animal Seizure Models, 217 4. Microdialysis Used to Elucidate Mechanisms of Electrical Brain Stimulation and Neuronal Circuits Involved in Seizures, 218 5. Microdialysis Used to Unravel the Mechanisms of Action of Established Antiepileptic Drugs and New Therapeutic Strategies, 219 6. Microdialysis Studies in the Search for Mechanisms of Adverse Effects of Clinically Used Drugs, Drugs of Abuse, and Toxins, 224 7. Combining Microdialysis with Other Complementary Neurotechniques to Unravel Mechanisms of Seizures and Epilepsy, 226 CONTENTS vii 8. The Advantage of Microdialysis Used to Sample Biophase Antiepileptic Drug Levels and to Monitor Neurotransmitters as Markers for Anticonvulsant Activity, 228 9. Microdialysis Used to Study Relationships Between Epilepsy and Its Comorbidities, 236 7 Microdialysis in Lung Tissue: Monitoring of Exogenous and Endogenous Compounds 255 Thomas Feurstein and Markus Zeitlinger 1. Introduction, 255 2. Special Aspects Associated with Lung Microdialysis Compared to Microdialysis in Other Tissues, 255 3. Insertion of Microdialysis Probes into Lung Tissue, 256 4. Insertion of Microdialysis Probes into the Bronchial System, 257 5. Types of Probes, 258 6. Endogenous Compounds, 258 7. Exogenous Drugs, 259 8. Animal Data, 260 9. Clinical Data, 262 10. Comparison of Pharmacokinetic Data in Lung Obtained by Microdialysis and Other Techniques, 264 11. Predictability of Lung Concentrations by Measurements in Other Tissues, 265 8 Microdialysis in the Hepatobiliary System: Monitoring Drug Metabolism, Hepatobiliary Excretion, and Enterohepatic Circulation 275 Yu-Tse Wu and Tung-Hu Tsai 1. Introduction, 275 2. Experimental Considerations of Pharmacokinetic Studies, 279 3. Pharmacokinetic and Hepatobiliary Excretion Studies Employing Microdialysis, 284 4. Conclusions, 287 9 Microdialysis Used to Measure the Metabolism of Glucose, Lactate, and Glycerol 295 Greg Nowak 1. Introduction, 295 2. Glucose, 299 3. Lactate, 301 4. Lactate/Pyruvate Ratio, 303 5. Glycerol, 303 viii CONTENTS 10 Clinical Microdialysis in Skin and Soft Tissues 313 Martina Sahre, Runa Naik, and Hartmut Derendorf 1. Introduction, 313 2. Tissue Bioavailability, 314 3. PK–PD Indices, 323 4. Topical Bioequivalence, 329 5. Endogenous Compounds, 330 6. Conclusions, 331 11 Microdialysis on Adipose Tissue: Monitoring Tissue Metabolism and Blood Flow in Humans 335 Gijs H. Goossens, Wim H. M. Saris, and Ellen E. Blaak 1. Introduction, 335 2. Principles and Practical Considerations in the Use of Microdialysis on Adipose Tissue, 336 3. Use of Microdialysis on Adipose Tissue in Humans, 342 4. Summary and Conclusions, 353 12 Microdialysis as a Monitoring System for Human Diabetes 359 Anna Ciechanowska, Jan M. Wojcicki, Iwona Maruniak-Chudek, Piotr Ladyzynski, and Janusz Krzymien 1. Introduction, 359 2. Monitoring Acute Complications of Diabetes, 362 13 Microdialysis Use in Tumors: Drug Disposition and Tumor Response 403 Qingyu Zhou and James M. Gallo 1. Introduction, 403 2. Microdialysis as a Sampling Technique in Oncology, 404 3. Experimental Considerations, 408 4. Examples of the Use of Microdialysis to Characterize Drug Disposition in Tumor, 414 5. Use of Microdialysis in the Evaluation of Tumor Response to Therapy, 423 6. Conclusions and Future Perspectives, 423 14 Microdialysis Versus Imaging Techniques for In Vivo Drug Distribution Measurements 431 Martin Brunner 1. Introduction, 431 2. Microdialysis, 432 3. Imaging Techniques, 434 4. Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 434 CONTENTS ix 5. Positron–Emission Tomography, 435 6. Combination of Microdialysis and Imaging Techniques, 436 7. Summary and Conclusions, 438 15 In Vitro Applications of Microdialysis 445 Wen-Chuan Lee and Tung-Hu Tsai 1. Introduction, 445 2. Microdialysis Used in Culture Systems, 446 3. Microdialysis Used in Enzyme Kinetics, 453 4. Microdialysis Used in Protein Binding, 455 5. Conclusions, 456 16 Microdialysis in Drug–Drug Interaction 465 Mitsuhiro Wada, Rie Ikeda, and Kenichiro Nakashima 1. Introduction, 465 2. Pharmacokinetic Drug–Drug Interaction, 472 3. Pharmacodynamic Drug–Drug Interaction, 487 4. Conclusions, 501 17 Microdialysis in Environmental Monitoring 509 Manuel Miró and Wolfgang Frenzel 1. Introduction, 509 2. In Vivo and In Situ Sampling: Similarities and Differences, 510 3. Critical Parameters Infl uencing Relative Recoveries, 513 4. Detection Techniques, 518 5. Calibration Methods, 519 6. Environmental Applications of Microdialysis, 520 7. Conclusions and Future Trends, 524 INDEX 531 |
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