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[资源] 微米与宏观尺度的混合：分析、模拟及数值计算（传热传质）

Micro and Macro Mixing: Analysis, Simulation and Numerical Calculation (Heat and Mass Transfer)

Author(s): Henning Bockhorn, Dieter Mewes, Wolfgang Peukert, Hans-Joachim Warnecke
Year: 2010
Edition: 1st Edition.
Language: English
Pages: 348
The homogenization of single phase gases or liquids with chemical reactive components by mixing belongs to one of the oldest basic operations applied in chemical engineering. The design of equipment for mixing processes is still derived from measurements of the mixing time which is related to the applied methods of measurement and the special design of the test equipment itself. This book was stimulated by improved modern methods for experimental research and visualization, for simulations and numerical calculations of mixing and chemical reactions in micro and macro scale of time and local coordinates. It is aimed to improve the prediction of efficiencies and selectivities of chemical reactions in macroscopic scale. The results should give an understanding of the influence of the construction of different mixing equipment on to the momentum, heat and mass transfer as well as reaction processes running on microscopic scales of time and local coordinates. Newly developed methods of measurement are adjusted to the scales of the selected special transport and conversion processes. They allow a more detailed modeling of the mixing processes by the formulation of an appropriate set of momentum-, heat- and mass balance equations as well as boundary conditions in time and local coordinates together with constitutive equations and reaction kinetics equations as closure laws for numerical and analytical calculations. The latter were empirically derived in the past and therefore of limited reliability only. The improved and more detailed modeling leads to a major progress in predicting mixing processes on the different scales adjusted to transport and reaction processes in molecular, micro- and macro dimensions. As a consequence improved numerical calculations are performed on the basis of newly derived experimental, measurement and modeling methods which are the basis for the prediction of mixing time as well as conversion rates and selectivities of chemical reactions during the mixing process. The research efforts are focused onto the design of the technical equipment for flow mixing processes. Mixing is performed inside velocity fields leading to deformation gradients from free or wall induced boundary layers. The different kinds of process equipment are jet mixer, static mixer and mixing vessels equipped with rotating stirrers. Especially in micro mixing newly developed constructions are investigated permitting the scale up from laboratory to technical dimensions.
Table of contents :
Cover......Page 1
Micro and Macro Mixing......Page 3
Preface......Page 5
Contents ......Page 8
Part 1: Quality of Mixing......Page 11
Total Mixture......Page 12
Definition of Mixedness......Page 13
Choice of the Sample Size (Theoretical Variance σ2N with Finite Sample Size)......Page 16
Definition of the Empirical Variance s2......Page 19
Chi-Square Distribution......Page 20
Choice of the Number of Samples......Page 21
Conclusion......Page 23
Introduction......Page 25
Homogeneity of a Mixture......Page 27
Scale of Segregation......Page 31
An Example: Mixing in a T-Shaped Micro-mixer......Page 36
Concluding Remarks......Page 40
References......Page 42
Part 2: Experimental Methods for Visualization and Measurements in Macro- and Micro-Scale Dimensions of Mixing......Page 44
Introduction......Page 45
IR-Absorption......Page 46
Laser Induced Fluorescence......Page 47
Spontaneous Raman Scattering......Page 48
Experimental Set-Up......Page 49
Selection of the Laser......Page 50
Multi-line vs. Multi-point......Page 52
Course of Measurement......Page 54
Typical Measurements of the T-Mixer and Taylor-Couette Reactor......Page 55
Outlook......Page 57
References......Page 58
Introduction......Page 60
Micro and Macro Mixing- the Degree of Deviation......Page 61
Fluorescent Dyes......Page 62
Experimental Set-Up......Page 65
Experimental Results......Page 66
References......Page 71
Introduction......Page 73
Experimental Setup......Page 74
Macro- and Micromixing......Page 76
Numerical Calculations......Page 79
Results and Discussion......Page 80
Conclusions......Page 88
References......Page 89
Introduction......Page 91
Flow Arrangement......Page 92
2d-LIF-PIV Measuring System......Page 94
Influence of a Swirled Jet with Respect to the Mixing between Jet and Crossflow......Page 96
Influence of the Reynolds Number on the Mixing Process......Page 101
Turbulent Mass Transfer......Page 105
References......Page 106
Introduction......Page 108
Optical Methods to Characterize Mixing......Page 109
Particle-Image Velocimetry (PIV)......Page 111
2D-Laser Induced Fluorescence (2D-LIF)......Page 112
HR-Laser Induced Fluorescence (HR-LIF)......Page 115
Nanoparticle Precipitation in a T-Mixer......Page 119
Experimental Investigations......Page 120
Modelling......Page 122
Conclusion......Page 125
References......Page 126
Introduction......Page 128
Experimental Set-Up......Page 129
Macromixing......Page 131
Mixing Inside the Vortex Cell......Page 134
Micromixing......Page 140
Conclusions......Page 141
References......Page 142
Part 3: Theoretical Methods for Modelling and Numerical Calculations of Mixing Processes......Page 143
Introduction......Page 144
Characteristics of the Present DNS Database for Mixing and Chemical Reactions......Page 145
Geometry, Parameters and Boundary Conditions......Page 147
Sensitivity of the Jet Trajectory with Respect to the Velocity Ratio......Page 149
Laminar-Turbulent Transition, Scalar Fields......Page 150
Assessment of the Mixing Process by Means of Streamlines......Page 152
Apriori Testing of Mixing Models Based on the Present DNS-Results......Page 154
The Wavelet Basis Employed......Page 156
WALES Subgrid-Scale Models Developed......Page 157
WALES Modelling Applied to Plane Channel Flow......Page 158
Results with the WALES Applied to the JICF......Page 159
References......Page 163
Introduction......Page 166
Experimental Setup and Measurement Procedure......Page 168
Numerical Models......Page 169
Performances of Mathematical Models for Simulation of Turbulent Mixing......Page 172
Influence of Various Parameters on Mixing......Page 173
Self-sustained Oscillations in Jet Mixers......Page 174
Structure of the Scalar Field in Jet Mixers......Page 175
Dissipation Rate Field......Page 177
RANS and LES Computations of Neutralization Reaction......Page 179
RANS Computation of Competitive-Consecutive Reactions......Page 180
Conclusions......Page 182
References......Page 184
Introduction......Page 186
Biased, Multi-variate Mixing Modes......Page 189
Variance Adjustment......Page 191
Covariance......Page 193
Transport Equations......Page 194
Closure for the Scalar Dissipation Rate......Page 196
DNS Simulations for a Priori Validation......Page 197
Distributions......Page 199
Reaction Rates......Page 202
Conclusion......Page 203
References......Page 204
Introduction......Page 206
Mathematical Models and Numerical Procedure......Page 209
Model Package for SGS Scalar Transport Description......Page 210
Non-reacting Jet in Channel Flow (Water)......Page 215
Confined Impinging-Jets Reactor (CIJR)......Page 218
Conclusions......Page 224
References......Page 225
Introduction......Page 228
Experimental Set-Up and Measurement Methods......Page 229
Simultaneous PIV-PLIF Measurements......Page 232
Experimental Characterization of Macro- and Micro-Mixing......Page 236
First Comparisons with Numerical Simulations......Page 239
Modeling Numerically Micro-Mixing......Page 240
Conclusions......Page 242
References......Page 243
Mathematical Model......Page 245
Finite Volume Method......Page 246
Discontinuous Galerkin Method......Page 247
Driven Cavity......Page 249
Static Mixer......Page 254
Concluding Remarks......Page 261
References......Page 262
Part 4: Macro- and Micro-Mixing in Micro Channel Flow......Page 263
Introduction......Page 264
Computational Approach......Page 265
Computational Analysis of the Mixing Zone......Page 266
Hydrodynamics......Page 268
Energy Dissipation......Page 269
Passive Mixing......Page 270
Intensity of Mixing and Specific Contact Area......Page 271
Computational Analysis of the Reaction Zone......Page 273
Reactive Mixing with Instantaneous Reactions......Page 275
Parabolised Species Equation......Page 277
Validation of the Parabolised Species Equation......Page 278
Scale Effects......Page 280
Variation of the Reynolds Number......Page 283
References......Page 284
Introduction......Page 286
Experimental Methods......Page 287
Results and Discussion......Page 294
Conclusion......Page 301
References......Page 302
Introduction......Page 303
Direct Numerical Simulation of the Flow and Mixing Inside a T-Mixer at Low $Sc$......Page 305
Flow Field Inside the T-Mixer......Page 307
Turbulent Mixing at Sc = 1......Page 308
Precipitation along Lagrange Paths......Page 310
ADM Model for the Turbulent Mass Flux......Page 312
Mixing at High Sc Inside a T-Mixer......Page 313
The FDF-DNS Method......Page 315
Formulation of a Model for the Micro Mixing......Page 317
Small Scale Mixing at High Sc Inside a T-Mixer......Page 318
Precipitation Simulation at High Sc Inside a T-Mixer......Page 319
Conclusions......Page 320
References......Page 321
Introduction......Page 323
The Mixing Quality α......Page 324
Stoichiometry of Mixing......Page 325
Flow and Mixing Regimes in T-Mixers......Page 327
Static Flow Regimes......Page 328
Periodic Vortex Shedding......Page 331
Chaotic Regime with Transition to Turbulence......Page 333
Summary of the Mixing Regimes......Page 335
Flow Visualization with Fluorescent Dye......Page 336
Measurement of Mixing with Color Reactions......Page 337
Iodide-Iodate Reaction......Page 338
Convective Lamination Model......Page 339
Simulations and Optimization of Wall Contact......Page 340
Quantification of Wall Contact with a Luminol Reaction......Page 342
References......Page 343
Author Index......Page 345

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