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微米与宏观尺度的混合：分析、模拟及数值计算（传热传质）
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Micro and Macro Mixing: Analysis, Simulation and Numerical Calculation (Heat and Mass Transfer) Author(s): Henning Bockhorn, Dieter Mewes, Wolfgang Peukert, Hans-Joachim Warnecke Year: 2010 Edition: 1st Edition. Language: English Pages: 348 The homogenization of single phase gases or liquids with chemical reactive components by mixing belongs to one of the oldest basic operations applied in chemical engineering. The design of equipment for mixing processes is still derived from measurements of the mixing time which is related to the applied methods of measurement and the special design of the test equipment itself. This book was stimulated by improved modern methods for experimental research and visualization, for simulations and numerical calculations of mixing and chemical reactions in micro and macro scale of time and local coordinates. It is aimed to improve the prediction of efficiencies and selectivities of chemical reactions in macroscopic scale. The results should give an understanding of the influence of the construction of different mixing equipment on to the momentum, heat and mass transfer as well as reaction processes running on microscopic scales of time and local coordinates. Newly developed methods of measurement are adjusted to the scales of the selected special transport and conversion processes. They allow a more detailed modeling of the mixing processes by the formulation of an appropriate set of momentum-, heat- and mass balance equations as well as boundary conditions in time and local coordinates together with constitutive equations and reaction kinetics equations as closure laws for numerical and analytical calculations. The latter were empirically derived in the past and therefore of limited reliability only. The improved and more detailed modeling leads to a major progress in predicting mixing processes on the different scales adjusted to transport and reaction processes in molecular, micro- and macro dimensions. As a consequence improved numerical calculations are performed on the basis of newly derived experimental, measurement and modeling methods which are the basis for the prediction of mixing time as well as conversion rates and selectivities of chemical reactions during the mixing process. The research efforts are focused onto the design of the technical equipment for flow mixing processes. Mixing is performed inside velocity fields leading to deformation gradients from free or wall induced boundary layers. The different kinds of process equipment are jet mixer, static mixer and mixing vessels equipped with rotating stirrers. Especially in micro mixing newly developed constructions are investigated permitting the scale up from laboratory to technical dimensions. Table of contents : Cover......Page 1 Micro and Macro Mixing......Page 3 Preface......Page 5 Contents ......Page 8 Part 1: Quality of Mixing......Page 11 Total Mixture......Page 12 Definition of Mixedness......Page 13 Choice of the Sample Size (Theoretical Variance σ2N with Finite Sample Size)......Page 16 Definition of the Empirical Variance s2......Page 19 Chi-Square Distribution......Page 20 Choice of the Number of Samples......Page 21 Conclusion......Page 23 Introduction......Page 25 Homogeneity of a Mixture......Page 27 Scale of Segregation......Page 31 An Example: Mixing in a T-Shaped Micro-mixer......Page 36 Concluding Remarks......Page 40 References......Page 42 Part 2: Experimental Methods for Visualization and Measurements in Macro- and Micro-Scale Dimensions of Mixing......Page 44 Introduction......Page 45 IR-Absorption......Page 46 Laser Induced Fluorescence......Page 47 Spontaneous Raman Scattering......Page 48 Experimental Set-Up......Page 49 Selection of the Laser......Page 50 Multi-line vs. Multi-point......Page 52 Course of Measurement......Page 54 Typical Measurements of the T-Mixer and Taylor-Couette Reactor......Page 55 Outlook......Page 57 References......Page 58 Introduction......Page 60 Micro and Macro Mixing- the Degree of Deviation......Page 61 Fluorescent Dyes......Page 62 Experimental Set-Up......Page 65 Experimental Results......Page 66 References......Page 71 Introduction......Page 73 Experimental Setup......Page 74 Macro- and Micromixing......Page 76 Numerical Calculations......Page 79 Results and Discussion......Page 80 Conclusions......Page 88 References......Page 89 Introduction......Page 91 Flow Arrangement......Page 92 2d-LIF-PIV Measuring System......Page 94 Influence of a Swirled Jet with Respect to the Mixing between Jet and Crossflow......Page 96 Influence of the Reynolds Number on the Mixing Process......Page 101 Turbulent Mass Transfer......Page 105 References......Page 106 Introduction......Page 108 Optical Methods to Characterize Mixing......Page 109 Particle-Image Velocimetry (PIV)......Page 111 2D-Laser Induced Fluorescence (2D-LIF)......Page 112 HR-Laser Induced Fluorescence (HR-LIF)......Page 115 Nanoparticle Precipitation in a T-Mixer......Page 119 Experimental Investigations......Page 120 Modelling......Page 122 Conclusion......Page 125 References......Page 126 Introduction......Page 128 Experimental Set-Up......Page 129 Macromixing......Page 131 Mixing Inside the Vortex Cell......Page 134 Micromixing......Page 140 Conclusions......Page 141 References......Page 142 Part 3: Theoretical Methods for Modelling and Numerical Calculations of Mixing Processes......Page 143 Introduction......Page 144 Characteristics of the Present DNS Database for Mixing and Chemical Reactions......Page 145 Geometry, Parameters and Boundary Conditions......Page 147 Sensitivity of the Jet Trajectory with Respect to the Velocity Ratio......Page 149 Laminar-Turbulent Transition, Scalar Fields......Page 150 Assessment of the Mixing Process by Means of Streamlines......Page 152 Apriori Testing of Mixing Models Based on the Present DNS-Results......Page 154 The Wavelet Basis Employed......Page 156 WALES Subgrid-Scale Models Developed......Page 157 WALES Modelling Applied to Plane Channel Flow......Page 158 Results with the WALES Applied to the JICF......Page 159 References......Page 163 Introduction......Page 166 Experimental Setup and Measurement Procedure......Page 168 Numerical Models......Page 169 Performances of Mathematical Models for Simulation of Turbulent Mixing......Page 172 Influence of Various Parameters on Mixing......Page 173 Self-sustained Oscillations in Jet Mixers......Page 174 Structure of the Scalar Field in Jet Mixers......Page 175 Dissipation Rate Field......Page 177 RANS and LES Computations of Neutralization Reaction......Page 179 RANS Computation of Competitive-Consecutive Reactions......Page 180 Conclusions......Page 182 References......Page 184 Introduction......Page 186 Biased, Multi-variate Mixing Modes......Page 189 Variance Adjustment......Page 191 Covariance......Page 193 Transport Equations......Page 194 Closure for the Scalar Dissipation Rate......Page 196 DNS Simulations for a Priori Validation......Page 197 Distributions......Page 199 Reaction Rates......Page 202 Conclusion......Page 203 References......Page 204 Introduction......Page 206 Mathematical Models and Numerical Procedure......Page 209 Model Package for SGS Scalar Transport Description......Page 210 Non-reacting Jet in Channel Flow (Water)......Page 215 Confined Impinging-Jets Reactor (CIJR)......Page 218 Conclusions......Page 224 References......Page 225 Introduction......Page 228 Experimental Set-Up and Measurement Methods......Page 229 Simultaneous PIV-PLIF Measurements......Page 232 Experimental Characterization of Macro- and Micro-Mixing......Page 236 First Comparisons with Numerical Simulations......Page 239 Modeling Numerically Micro-Mixing......Page 240 Conclusions......Page 242 References......Page 243 Mathematical Model......Page 245 Finite Volume Method......Page 246 Discontinuous Galerkin Method......Page 247 Driven Cavity......Page 249 Static Mixer......Page 254 Concluding Remarks......Page 261 References......Page 262 Part 4: Macro- and Micro-Mixing in Micro Channel Flow......Page 263 Introduction......Page 264 Computational Approach......Page 265 Computational Analysis of the Mixing Zone......Page 266 Hydrodynamics......Page 268 Energy Dissipation......Page 269 Passive Mixing......Page 270 Intensity of Mixing and Specific Contact Area......Page 271 Computational Analysis of the Reaction Zone......Page 273 Reactive Mixing with Instantaneous Reactions......Page 275 Parabolised Species Equation......Page 277 Validation of the Parabolised Species Equation......Page 278 Scale Effects......Page 280 Variation of the Reynolds Number......Page 283 References......Page 284 Introduction......Page 286 Experimental Methods......Page 287 Results and Discussion......Page 294 Conclusion......Page 301 References......Page 302 Introduction......Page 303 Direct Numerical Simulation of the Flow and Mixing Inside a T-Mixer at Low $Sc$......Page 305 Flow Field Inside the T-Mixer......Page 307 Turbulent Mixing at Sc = 1......Page 308 Precipitation along Lagrange Paths......Page 310 ADM Model for the Turbulent Mass Flux......Page 312 Mixing at High Sc Inside a T-Mixer......Page 313 The FDF-DNS Method......Page 315 Formulation of a Model for the Micro Mixing......Page 317 Small Scale Mixing at High Sc Inside a T-Mixer......Page 318 Precipitation Simulation at High Sc Inside a T-Mixer......Page 319 Conclusions......Page 320 References......Page 321 Introduction......Page 323 The Mixing Quality α......Page 324 Stoichiometry of Mixing......Page 325 Flow and Mixing Regimes in T-Mixers......Page 327 Static Flow Regimes......Page 328 Periodic Vortex Shedding......Page 331 Chaotic Regime with Transition to Turbulence......Page 333 Summary of the Mixing Regimes......Page 335 Flow Visualization with Fluorescent Dye......Page 336 Measurement of Mixing with Color Reactions......Page 337 Iodide-Iodate Reaction......Page 338 Convective Lamination Model......Page 339 Simulations and Optimization of Wall Contact......Page 340 Quantification of Wall Contact with a Luminol Reaction......Page 342 References......Page 343 Author Index......Page 345 |
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