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[资源] Mechanical Behavior of Materials

Mechanical Behavior of Materials
WILLIAM F. HOSFORD
University of Michigan
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of
relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place
without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
- ---
- ---
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of s
for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not
guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
www.cambridge.org
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page xv
Note to the Reader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. xix
1 Stress and Strain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1
Introduction 1
Stress 2
Sign Convention 3
Transformation of Axes 4
Principal Stresses 6
Mohr’s Stress Circles 6
Strains 9
Small Strains 11
Transformation of Axes 12
Mohr’s Strain Circles 14
Force and Moment Balances 15
Boundary Conditions 16
Note 17
Problems 18
2 Elasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Introduction 21
Isotropic Elasticity 21
Variation of Young’s Modulus 24
Isotropic Thermal Expansion 26
Anisotropic Elasticity 27
Orientation Dependence of Elastic
Response 29
Orientation Dependence in Cubic
Crystals 31
Orientation Dependence in Noncubic
Crystals 32
Orientation Dependence in Materials
Other Than Single Crystals 34
Anisotropic Thermal Expansion 34
Notes 35
References 36
Problems 36
3 Tensile Testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Introduction 39
Tensile Specimens 39
Stress–Strain Curves 40
Ductility 43
True Stress and Strain 44
The Bridgman Correction 45
Temperature Rise 47
Sheet Anisotropy 47
Measurement of Force and Strain 48
Axial Alignment 49
Special Problems 49
Notes 50
References 51
Problems 51
4 Other Tests of Plastic Behavior. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Introduction 53
Compression Test 53
Plane-Strain Compression 56
Plane-Strain Tension 57
Biaxial Tension (Hydraulic Bulge Test) 57
Torsion Test 59
Bend Tests 61
Hardness Tests 62
Mutual Indentation Hardness 66
Note 67
References 67
Problems 67
5 Strain-Hardening of Metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Introduction 70
Mathematical Approximations 70
Power-Law Approximation 72
Necking 73
Work per Volume 75
Localization of Strain at Defects 75
Notes
6 Plasticity Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Introduction 80
Yield Criteria 80
Tresca Maximum Shear Stress
Criterion 81
Von Mises Criterion 82
Flow Rules 84
Principle of Normality 85
Effective Stress and Effective
Strain 86
Other Isotropic Yield Criteria 89
Anisotropic Plasticity 90
Effect of Strain-Hardening on the
Yield Locus 93
Notes 93
References 94
Problems 94
7 Strain-Rate and Temperature Dependence
of Flow Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Introduction 99
Strain-Rate Dependence of Flow
Stress 99
Superplasticity 102
Combined Strain and Strain-Rate
Effects 106
Strain-Rate Sensitivity of bcc Metals 107
Temperature Dependence 110
Combined Temperature and Strain-Rate
Effects 111
Hot Working 115
Notes 116
References 116
Problems 116
8 Slip. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Introduction 120
Slip Systems 120
Schmid’s Law 121
Strains Produced by Slip 123
Strain-Hardening of fcc Single
Crystals 125
Tensile Deformation of fcc Crystals 126
Slip in bcc Crystals 128
Slip in hcp Crystals 128
Lattice Rotation in Tension 129
Lattice Rotation in Compression 131
Texture Formation in Polycrystals 132
Approximate Calculation of R-Values 133
Notes 134
References 135
Problems 135
9 Dislocation Geometry and Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Introduction 139
Theoretical Strength of Crystals 139
The Nature of Dislocations 141
Burgers Vectors 142
Energy of a Screw Dislocation 144
Reactions between Parallel Dislocations
and Frank’s Rule 146
Stress Fields around Dislocations 147
Forces on Dislocations 149
Partial Dislocations in fcc Crystals 150
Stacking Faults 151
Notes 154
References 154
Problems 156
10 Dislocation Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Introduction 158
Frank–Read Sources 158
Dislocation Pile-Ups 161
Cross-Slip 161
Dislocation Intersections 163
Climb 166
Notes 166
References 167
Problems 167
11 Mechanical Twinning and Martensitic Shear . . . . . . . . . .. 170
Introduction 171
Formal Notation 171
Twinning Shear 172
Twinning in fcc Metals 173
Twinning in bcc Metals 173
Twinning in hcp Metals 175
Shapes of Twins 178
Mechanism of Twinning 179
Martensite Transformation 182
Shape Memory and Superelasticity 183
...
22 Mechanical Working . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
Introduction 392
Bulk-Forming Energy Balance 392
Deformation Zone Geometry 396
Friction in Bulk Forming 399
Formability 400
Deep Drawing 401
Stamping 403
Notes 407
References 409
Problems 409
Appendix A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Appendix B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421

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