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写科研论文的高级方法学
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我的博客： http://zhenmafudan.yculblog.com 读中学的时候，我最喜欢语文写作，但是提高写作能力是很艰难的事情，很多时候，学习者没有头绪。语文老师上作文课也只是出个题目让大家写作，然后下一次上课读读范文（我的作文），笼统地说要观点明确、结构清楚，要多读多写，但是具体的“秘诀”说不上来。后来参加了《少年文艺》新芽写作函授班。记得那时候的函授教材的第一课就是“立意”。看着教材里面的范文，感到写得非常好，耳目一新。后来虽然也受到专业作家张成新的函授指导，也曾听过《少年文艺》主办的讲座，但是写起文章来还不是很得心应手，主要原因是那时实行应试教育，市场上教学生写作文的书很少，即使有，也是针对考试的作文。一直到了高二、高三，我才在作文上发挥出来，得到区级和市级作文竞赛多个奖项。 应该说，大学里面学习的影视剧艺术、管理学原理、国际贸易、伦理学、大学生心理学、大学生生活导论课程对语文写作是有间接作用的，因为人的阅历多了，知识面拓宽了，就更够更好地认识和描述社会现象，抒发自己的观点。但是，在大学里面我没有看过一本作文书，到了大学里以后，由于没有语文课，几年下来，笔头锈掉了。对于英语学习来说，当时也是应试教育，学习的重点是单词、习惯用语和语法。虽然我承认复旦的教育使我的英语水平上升了很多，但是其实学英语的最高境界就是没有专门的英语课本，或者说什么（比如原版录像、原版小说、杂志、书本）都是英语课本。后来在复旦读了研究生，科研写作得到了初步锻炼，虽然有学术大师指点，但是在科技写作上还是不得心应手。主要原因是：（1）看科研文献太少；（２）练得太少；（３）没有读专业指导写作的书。在读研究生后期的一个收获是发表网络文学，结果笔头又好了，找到感觉了。 出国以后，一开始写的第一篇科研文章(Journal of Catalysis)的初稿还是写得不怎么好。被博导来回修改了好几遍，每一遍都是纸头上一片红的，他在纸头上修改好以后，我再在计算机上进行修改，再给他看。如此这般，反复修改。他又不会当面给我仔细分析这个地方为什么要这么改，因此我主要靠自己的悟性和反复修改了。原创科研论文当然不是经常有的，因为做实验出文章当然慢，所以锻炼的机会也少。我得到最好的锻炼就是写综述。在写综述的过程中阅读了大量文献，基础打得扎实。读书破万卷，下笔如有神嘛。写了几篇综述，一篇比一篇长，一篇比一篇难写。其中第三篇综述，我不做实验整整写了七个月，终于把笔头练出来了。在做博士后的时候，在写作方面就更加有独立性了，基本上我怎么写，就怎么发表的，审稿人都说写得很好。也接触到了一些专门教写作的书籍，在理论知识上得到进步。现在，我介绍一下我的一些关于写科技论文方法学的笼统的体会。 写科技论文，有基本功要求，主要是如何遣词造句，如何用标点符号，如何用缩略语等。关于这一方面的书有：The ACS Style Guide和The Elements of Style。可以说，这些都是科技写作的基本功，如果基本功不扎实，审稿人一眼就看出来了。但是，熟读这些书，把用法都背出来还是远远不够的。除此之外还有一些高级的方法和高级的指导书。曾经读到一些专门介绍科技写作的书，如Wiley出版社出版的The Arts of Scientific Writing，但是读了以后感到没有什么收获。后来认识到要学习到“高级”的写作方法，还是要回归到逻辑学、修辞学、市场营销学（广告学）、科学哲学上面来，从这些非化学的知识里面得到启发。 比如：写文章初稿的时候，一般人是按照自己的思路来写，想怎么写就怎么写。可是，高级的方法就是首先要分析很多问题：Is this research new? Are the data important and interesting? What is the point here? Since there are already a lot of papers, then why should we report our current work? Can the data sufficiently support the conclusions? Are the conclusions consistent with what was reported in the literature?这些问题有点象市场营销学：既然市场上已经有很多同类商品了，为什么我们要生产我们的商品？我们的商品和别人的商品有什么区别？怎么把“市场细分原理”运用到我们商品（文章）的销售中去？有这种critical thinking很重要！记得读博士的时候学习化学动力学，考试的形式之一是从文献里拿一篇文章来讲解。考官就会问：既然别人已经研究过这个体系，那么为什么这篇文章还要研究类似的东西？是它的结论推翻了以前的结论，还是它用了新的仪器方法，还是它的数据更加精确？如果只是数据更加精确，换汤不换药，那么意义在什么地方？ 更重要的是，不是从自己的角度分析自己的文章如何如何好，而是从读者角度分析：Why should the reader read my paper? Why should people care about our research? How can our research benefit others' research? What can be done next by others based on our results? What questions will the reader have? If so, then how can we better write our paper to make the points clearer to the reader?这种思维方法如同准备做报告的思维方法一样：做报告之前，重要的不仅仅是想清楚自己要讲什么重要思想，而且还是要想清楚听众是哪些人？他们来听报告，希望得到什么样的信息？怎样讲才是对听众来说有价值的？怎样建立起自己的报告和听众的联系？有的人做报告就是说这个催化剂效果比那个好，听众睡着了。要提炼出更加有通用性的、方法学的东西，这样听众才会有兴趣。（关于这方面的方法学论述见哈佛商学院出版的Presentatios that Persuade and Motivate, 2004年出版。）这也和广告学、消费者心理学的原理类似，即要分析受众关心什么、需要什么。这个要点（从读者角度分析），说起来很简单，但是做起来却很难，因为这是一种很微妙的方法，一般人很难把握。 Don Dunbar写的What You Don't Know Can Keep You Out of College p. 29. "For essays, showing your best self starts the same way as for interviews: You need to interest both yourself and your reader. But when you're writing, you don't have the reader sitting across from you, showing with his or her reactions whether you are getting through. For this reason, it's a good idea to make sure that the subject you're writing about is not just personal, but universal. Universal doesn't mean "very very big" and "important", it means that anyone--anyone in the universe, I suppose--can connect with it. It's universal the way type O blood is the "universal doner": anyone can receive it." 哈佛商学院出版的Face-to-Face Communicaions for Clarity and Impact "Don't recite the facts--interpret them! People don't want a recitation. What they want to know is, What sense do you make out of this data? What is the conclusion? Do you have a logical flow in your thought process? And can we see that?" 哈佛商学院出版的Presentatios that Persuade and Motivate "We humans are at once nobel and selfish. If you appeal soley to our self-interest, we will listen, and perhaps appreciate your words. But we won't respect you. To really get your audience on its feet--and rioting--you have to show them how self-interest and larger principles coincide, such that personal sacrifice is worth it if it becomes necessary." "You need to find the way in which you and the audience are alike and make those clear early on. Your listeners will then be willing to open themselves to your message. It is way of building trust early on. Audiences want their speakers to have credibility, and they want to be able to trust them. You can't create the latter unless you find a way to conntect with your audience." "In any communication task, you must understand what your audience needs to know, Your first step--long before you walk into the room--is to ask who the audience is and how they will use the information you provide. Then you can structure your presentation around those needs." "The audience arrives wondering: Why should we care? Why is this important? So rather than jumping straight into the history of federal housing on Indian reservations, start by describing the current housing crisis. You get your listeners' minds working (How did this come about? How can we solve it?) in ways that give them context for the historical discussion. Timothy W. Crusius和Carolyn E. Channell写的The Aims of Argument: A Brief Rhetoric "The first step is to identify possible appeals to your readership. Keep in mind that good persuaders are able to empathize and sympathize with other people, building bridges of commonality and solidarity. To aid in your audience analysis, ask these questions: -- Who are my readers? How do I define them in terms of age, economic and social class, gender, education, and so forth? -- What type of attitudes or stances toward my topic do they have? -- What in their background or daily experiences helps explain their point of view? -- What are they likely to know my topic? -- How might they be uninformed or informed about it? -- How would they they like to see the problem, question, or issue resolved, answered, or handeled? Why? -- In what larger framework--religious, political, economic--do they place my topic?" 在修改文章的时候，要走到纸头的“背面”去，用审稿人的眼光来挑剔地看自己的文章，给与自己的文章无情的轰击，指出这个不好，那个不清楚，还要做什么实验。带着疑问，去做实验，查文献，进行弥补漏洞。经过几次“反馈回路”，把文章的水平提高。相反，如果对自己的文章非常乐观和自信，有晕轮效应，得到稻草也以为是得到黄金了，那么就投不中。有的人自己做过很多回审稿人，有一种奇妙的感觉，知道投这个杂志应该达到什么样的水平。有的书上说，可以请懂行的人看一下文章，提出尖锐意见，然后进行修改。这里要说的是修改文章从审稿人的角度去修改，很有用处。可以说，很多文章投某个杂志，遭到退稿，其实按照审稿人的意见仔细修改以后，质量还是不错的，但是就是因为已经被退稿了，所以只能投其它杂志了。让我们想一想：假设这样的文章实现能得到懂行人的“模拟审稿意见”，把把脉，然后进行补做实验、精心修改，本来就能一次命中高档次杂志的！ Timothy W. Crusius和Carolyn E. Channell写的The Aims of Argument: A Brief Rhetoric "Have a dialogue with yourself about your own writing. 1. Ask what you mean by the words that are central to the argument. Have you provided definations when they are needed? 2. Find the reasons, and note their relation to the thesis. Be able to state the connection, ideally, with the word "because": thesis because of reason. 3. Be able to state what assumptions lie behind your thesis and any of your reasons. Ask yourself, What else would someone have to believe to accept this as valid? If your audience is unlikely to share the assumption, then you must add an argument for it--or change your thesis. 4. Look at your comparisons and analogies. Are they persuasive? 5. Look at your evidence. Have you offered facts, expert opinion, illustrations, and so on? Have you presented these in a way that would not raise doubuts but eliminate them? 6. Consider your own bias. What do you stand to gain from advocating the position you take? Is your argument self-serving or truth-serving? Because it is hard to be objective about your own work, getting a reading from a friend, classmate, teacher, or family member is a good way o see where revision would help. An unfocused reading, however, usually isn't critical enoughl casual readers may applaud the draft woo readily if they agree with the thesis and condemn it if they disagree. Therefore, have your readers use a revision checklist." 因为这个贴子长度超标，故后半部份在回帖中显示。 [ Last edited by zhenmafudan on 2008-5-26 at 01:51 ] |
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120楼2008-05-27 21:13:40