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nowitzki_ci

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[资源] Chem. Soc. Rev.热点综述：模板法制备纳米结构材料——殷亚东出品

Templated synthesis of nanostructured materials 44页引文431篇

In the past two decades, tremendous eﬀorts have been made
towards the development of synthetic strategies for nanostructured
materials with well controlled size, shape, composition and spatial
arrangement. Synthesis using a pre-existing nanostructured tem-
plate is one of the most eﬀective strategies towards achieving high
degrees of synthetic control. As defined in the Merriam-Webster’s
Dictionary, a template is a ‘‘gauge, pattern or mold used as a guide
to the form of a piece being made,’’ which reveals the general
advantages of templated synthesis. Typically, nanomaterials synthesized
by templating strategies hold a well-defined size,
shape and configuration, which usually benefits from the directing
eﬀect of the templates. The general route for templated synthesis
of nanostructured materials includes the following steps: (1)
template preparation, (2) directed synthesis of target materials
using the template, and (3) template removal (if necessary).
In nanoscale synthesis, theoretically, a template can be any
substance with nanostructured features. Thus, there are abun-
dant types of materials that can be taken into consideration.
Some are naturally occurring (such as nanostructured minerals,
biological molecular assemblies, and organs), while others are
sourced from synthetic nanostructures which usually benefit
from pre-existing synthesis methods (both direct synthesis and
templated synthesis), including top-down and bottom-up
approaches. Their physical properties can vary greatly, from
soft materials such as molecular assemblies to hard materials
such as colloidal particles, porous membranes and patterned
solid surfaces. With regard to their chemical properties, they
can either behave as a pure physical directing agent, which we
refer to as a physical template, or as a physical director which
is also involved in a chemical transformation during the
synthesis, which we refer to as a chemical template.
For the synthesis of target materials, synthetic strategies
based on physical templates include a variety of methods such
as surface coating and channel replication. In cases of chemical
templated synthesis, chemical transformations during the
synthesis may include isomerisation, addition, substitution
and elimination of chemical species. As a result, nearly all types
of materials can be utilized, from metals, semiconductors, and
ceramics to soft polymers, to form zero-dimensional (0D) nano-
particles, one-dimensional (1D) nanowires and two- and three-
dimensional (2D and 3D) hierarchical nanostructures.
In order to remove the template after synthesis, as long as
the physical and chemical properties of the resultant materials
can be preserved, both physical methods such as dissolution
and chemical methods including calcination and etching can
be applied according to the nature of the templates.
In this review, we aim to review the development of template-
based synthetic strategies for nanostructured materials. To
fully examine the procedures of diﬀerent templated synthesis
methods while comprehensively covering all types of templates,
the organization of a review on this topic should be based either
on the types of templates or the classification of synthetic
methods, as shown in Scheme 1. Herein, we choose the former
in order to emphasize the importance of template preparation
methods, while diﬀerent synthetic methods are sorted to an
extent as most synthetic strategies are only utilized in conjunc-
tion with certain types of templates. Overall, the discussion of
templates will be divided between colloidal and non-colloidal
templates. Of the colloidal type templates, templated synthesis
on hard colloids will be introduced in cases of both physical
(Section 2) and chemical (Section 3) templating. Templated
synthesis on soft materials will be introduced afterwards
(Section 4). Finally, various types of templated syntheses on
other non-colloidal templates will be discussed (Section 5). In
each section, the discussion will focus on the preparation of
templates and classical synthesis techniques based on these
specific templates. In some cases, template removal strategies
as well as comments on their advantages and disadvantages
will also be included. After covering each class of templated
synthesis, we will conclude with our opinions on the future
direction of the field and important areas for further research.

[ Last edited by nowitzki_ci on 2014-3-12 at 17:18 ]

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