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Apart from the areas mentioned in the forgoing pages there are special reviews and even journals devoted to developments in organic synthesis (72-85). The authors are presenting the latest developments using ILs in the following named reactions of organic chemistry, which has never been done by previous reviewers exclusively. This paper also includes the authors’ own work in the area of green chemistry . Aldol reaction . Knoevenagel reaction . Michael reaction Aldol reaction Among carbon-carbon bond forming reactions in organic chemistry, the Aldol reaction (Scheme 1) is the most popular for this process; it was discovered by Charles-Adolphe Wurtz and A. P. Borodin independently in 1872 and thus have a long history (8688). Aldol, when dehydrates, yields ab-unsaturated ketones called chalcones and is known as the ClaisenSchmidt reaction. In both these reactions the present authors, while looking for greener procedures/processes, have developed the use of Al(III) and Bi(III) (89). However, the use of ILs in this reaction is of latest interest and is discussed below. Knoevenagel reaction This reaction represents an efficient way of producing carbon-carbon double bonds and was discovered back in 1894 by Knoevenagel (101103). The conventional Knoevenagel reaction (Scheme 2) has been reported in several reviews and monographs; however, the use of ILs in this reaction is recent. In the pursuit of developing green chemistry we did make considerable efforts for solvent free and also milder Lewis acids catalysts developments such as LiBr, CdI2, BiCl3, KI, Alum (104108), and so on. Evidently, these were milder processes than the earlier reported ones employing strong Lewis acids or strong organic bases. No doubt that ILs are of current interest for use in this reaction and developments are given below. Michael reaction The discovery of this reaction dates back to 1883; it was generalized by and named after Arthur Michael (143145). The reaction is very similar to the Knoevenagel reaction and in conventional chemistry, in both the reactions, similar solvents and catalysts have been employed and volumous research work reported and both seem complementary to each other. Precisely, Knoevenagel is 1-2 and Michael is 1-4 conjugate addition (Scheme 5) on to carbonyl and electron deficient alkenes, respectively. In pursuit of green chemistry, here also the authors made considerable contributions in developing some environmentally benign protocols using non-polluting catalysts and replacing volatile organic solvents (VOCs) under solvent-free conditions. Already reported by the authors are catalysts like BiCl3, Cu(II), alumina, and so on (146151), efforts to obtain solvent-free mild catalyst are much reported by the authors. ILs being solvents of the present, their recent progress is given here. |
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