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长使英雄泪满襟 ---- 《 说不尽的玻尔兹曼 》
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???????????? ---- ?? ?????????????? ?? ????????(Ludwig Boltzmann)??1844??2??20???1906??9??5??????????????????????????????????????????????????1866??????????????λ?? ???????? ?????飺 ?????????????????????????1844??2??20??????????????????ɡ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????é??1863?????????????????????????????????????????????????????λ??1866??2??6???????22??????????????????????????????????????????????е??λ?????á??????????У??????????????????????裬????????????????С??????????????????????????????????????????????ɡ???????????????????????????????????????????????е????е???ɡ? Ludwig Boltzmann (February 20, 1844 - September 5, 1906) was an Austrian physicist famous for the invention of statistical mechanics. Boltzmann was awarded a doctorate from the University of Vienna in 1866 for a thesis on the kinetic theory of gases supervised by Jožef Stefan and subsequently became his assistant. In 1877 Boltzmann used statistical ideas to gain valuable insight into the meaning of entropy. He realized that entropy could be thought of as a measure of disorder, and that the second law of thermodynamics expressed the fact that disorder tends to increase. Boltzmann is best known for laying the foundations of statistical mechanics, along, but independently, with Willard Gibbs. Their theories connected the properties and behaviour of atoms and molecules with the large-scale properties and behaviour of the substances of which they are the building blocks. In 1871, Boltzmann derived the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, in 1884, he derived the Stefan-Boltzmann law theoretically. Today, his formula for entropy S is famous: S = kln?? K is the Boltzmann constant and?? is the number of possible microscopic states which give the same thermodynamical state that a system may be in. Indeed this formula, as he published it in the nomenclature of his day, is engraved on Boltzmann's tombstone. ???????? ????1869????????Τ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ????1872?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????1877????????????????????????S=k*logW?????????????д?S=kB*ln????kB??????????????????? ????19?????????????????????????????????????ɡ? ???????????????????????????????????Ψ???????????????????1906??9??5?????????? ?????????????????????????? QUOTE: ????????????????????????????????Ψ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????о??????????????????? ?? ?????????????? ?? ??????????????????????????Ludwig Boltzmann??1844??1906??????????????????????С?????????????????????????????ì??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????μ????????????????????????????????硰??????С???????????????????????????????е?????桪?????????????????????????????????λ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Щ????????????????е?????????????????????????????? ????觺?????й??????????????????????????????????ì?????????????磬?????????Щ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????λ????????????????????????????????????????????䶮 ?????????????????????????????????????22????ò???λ???????кü?????????????λ??????????????????????????????????????????????????ν?????????????????????????????????ν?? ??????????????????????????е???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Τ?????????嶯?????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????в?????????????????????????????????????й?? ?????????????????????????????????????Ψ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????в???????????????????????????????????????????????????????С???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????С?????????????????????????????????????????????????λ??????????????е?м??????????????Ψ??????????????????????????????????????????ò?????????????????????????????????????????ж??????顣?????????????λ??????÷???E. Zermelo????д?????????????????????H???????е??????????????????ò??????????????????????????????????????????÷?????????????????????????????????????У??????????????????????????????顣???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????Щ????????????У????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????Ψ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????о???????????????????1900????????г?????????????????????硣??????????????????ι?????????????????????????????????????????Σ?????????ɡ? ??????????????????????????б??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????С?????????????????伫?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????䶮??????1906???????????????(Duino????????????????????????????)??????????????????????鰲??????? ??????????????????????????????????????д???????????????д??????????????????????????????????????????ɡ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????С???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????Encarta?????Boltzman??? Boltzmann, Ludwig (1844-1906) Austrian physicist, who helped lay the foundation for the field of physics known as statistical mechanics. Boltzmann was born in Vienna and educated at the universities of Vienna and Oxford. He was a professor of physics at various German and Austrian universities for more than 40 years. During the 1870s Boltzmann published a series of papers that showed that the second law of thermodynamics could be explained by statistically analyzing the motions of atoms. In these papers Boltzmann utilized the central principle of statistical mechanics: that large-scale, visible phenomena, such as the second law of thermodynamics, can be explained by statistically examining the microscopic properties of a system, such as the motions of atoms. Boltzmann also formulated the law of thermal radiation, named for him and the Austrian physicist Josef Stefan. The Stefan-Boltzmann law states that the total radiation from a blackbody, which is an ideal surface that absorbs all radiant energy that strikes it, is proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temperature of the blackbody. Boltzmann also made important contributions to the kinetic theory of gases. Boltzmann's work was strongly attacked by scientists of his time. However, much of Boltzmann's work was substantiated by experimental data soon after he committed suicide in 1906. |
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