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傲霜雪月

铁杆木虫 (小有名气)

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[资源] 分享一本讲断裂力学的书：Fracture mechanics-fundamentals and applications

在论坛里搜了一下，没有重复。这本书比较基础，讲的很全面。

Table of Contents
Part I
Introduction ......................................................................................................................................1
Chapter 1
History and Overview ........................................................................................................................3
1.1 Why Structures Fail..................................................................................................................3
1.2 Historical Perspective ...............................................................................................................6
1.2.1 Early Fracture Research ..............................................................................................8
1.2.2 The Liberty Ships .........................................................................................................9
1.2.3 Post-War Fracture Mechanics Research ....................................................................10
1.2.4 Fracture Mechanics from 1960 to 1980.....................................................................10
1.2.5 Fracture Mechanics from 1980 to the Present...........................................................12
1.3 The Fracture Mechanics Approach to Design .......................................................................12
1.3.1 The Energy Criterion..................................................................................................12
1.3.2 The Stress-Intensity Approach ...................................................................................14
1.3.3 Time-Dependent Crack Growth and Damage Tolerance...........................................15
1.4 Effect of Material Properties on Fracture..............................................................................16
1.5 A Brief Review of Dimensional Analysis .............................................................................18
1.5.1 The Buckingham Π-Theorem....................................................................................18
1.5.2 Dimensional Analysis in Fracture Mechanics ...........................................................19
References ........................................................................................................................................21
Part II
Fundamental Concepts ..................................................................................................................23
Chapter 2
Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics ..................................................................................................25
2.1 An Atomic View of Fracture..................................................................................................25
2.2 Stress Concentration Effect of Flaws.....................................................................................27
2.3 The Griffith Energy Balance ..................................................................................................29
2.3.1 Comparison with the Critical Stress Criterion...........................................................31
2.3.2 Modified Griffith Equation.........................................................................................32
2.4 The Energy Release Rate.......................................................................................................34
2.5 Instability and the RCurve ....................................................................................................38
2.5.1 Reasons for the RCurve Shape .................................................................................39
2.5.2 Load Control vs. Displacement Control ....................................................................40
2.5.3 Structures with Finite Compliance.............................................................................41
2.6 Stress Analysis of Cracks ......................................................................................................42
2.6.1 The Stress Intensity Factor.........................................................................................43
2.6.2 Relationship between Kand Global Behavior...........................................................45
2.6.3 Effect of Finite Size ...................................................................................................48
2.6.4 Principle of Superposition..........................................................................................54
2.6.5 Weight Functions........................................................................................................56
2.7 Relationship between Kand G..............................................................................................58
2.8 Crack-Tip Plasticity................................................................................................................61
2.8.1 The Irwin Approach ...................................................................................................61
2.8.2 The Strip-Yield Model ...............................................................................................64
2.8.3 Comparison of Plastic Zone Corrections...................................................................66
2.8.4 Plastic Zone Shape .....................................................................................................66
2.9 K-Controlled Fracture.............................................................................................................69
2.10 Plane Strain Fracture: Fact vs. Fiction ..................................................................................72
2.10.1 Crack-Tip Triaxiality ................................................................................................73
2.10.2 Effect of Thickness on Apparent Fracture Toughness .............................................75
2.10.3 Plastic Zone Effects ..................................................................................................78
2.10.4 Implications for Cracks in Structures.......................................................................79
2.11 Mixed-Mode Fracture.............................................................................................................80
2.11.1 Propagation of an Angled Crack ..............................................................................81
2.11.2 Equivalent Mode I Crack..........................................................................................83
2.11.3 Biaxial Loading.........................................................................................................84
2.12 Interaction of Multiple Cracks ...............................................................................................86
2.12.1 Coplanar Cracks........................................................................................................86
2.12.2 Parallel Cracks ..........................................................................................................86
Appendix 2: Mathematical Foundations of Linear Elastic
Fracture Mechanics ..................................................................................................88
A2.1 Plane Elasticity .............................................................................................88
A2.1.1 Cartesian Coordinates ....................................................................89
A2.1.2 Polar Coordinates...........................................................................90
A2.2 Crack Growth Instability Analysis...............................................................91
A2.3 Crack-Tip Stress Analysis ............................................................................92
A2.3.1 Generalized In-Plane Loading .......................................................92
A2.3.2 The Westergaard Stress Function ..................................................95
A2.4 Elliptical Integral of the Second Kind .......................................................100
References ......................................................................................................................................101
Chapter 3
Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics ...............................................................................................103
3.1 Crack-Tip-Opening Displacement........................................................................................103
3.2 The JContour Integral .........................................................................................................107
3.2.1 Nonlinear Energy Release Rate ...............................................................................108
3.2.2 Jas a Path-Independent Line Integral .....................................................................110
3.2.3 Jas a Stress Intensity Parameter .............................................................................111
3.2.4 The Large Strain Zone .............................................................................................113
3.2.5 Laboratory Measurement of J..................................................................................114
3.3 Relationships Between Jand CTOD ...................................................................................120
3.4 Crack-Growth Resistance Curves ........................................................................................123
3.4.1 Stable and Unstable Crack Growth..........................................................................124
3.4.2 Computing Jfor a Growing Crack ..........................................................................126
3.5 J-Controlled Fracture............................................................................................................128
3.5.1 Stationary Cracks......................................................................................................128
3.5.2 J-Controlled Crack Growth ......................................................................................131
3.6 Crack-Tip Constraint Under Large-Scale Yielding..............................................................133
3.6.1 The Elastic TStress..................................................................................................137
3.6.2 J-QTheory................................................................................................................140
3.6.2.1 The J-QToughness Locus.........................................................................142
3.6.2.2 Effect of Failure Mechanism
on the J-QLocus.......................................................................................144
3.6.3 Scaling Model for Cleavage Fracture ......................................................................145
3.6.3.1 Failure Criterion ........................................................................................145
3.6.3.2 Three-Dimensional Effects........................................................................147
3.6.3.3 Application of the Model..........................................................................148
3.6.4 Limitations of Two-Parameter Fracture Mechanics.................................................149
Appendix 3: Mathematical Foundations
of Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics ...................................................................153
A3.1 Determining CTOD from the Strip-Yield Model ......................................153
A3.2 The JContour Integral ...............................................................................156
A3.3 Jas a Nonlinear Elastic Energy Release Rate...........................................158
A3.4 The HRR Singularity..................................................................................159
A3.5 Analysis of Stable Crack Growth
in Small-Scale Yielding ..............................................................................162
A3.5.1 The Rice-Drugan-Sham Analysis ................................................162
A3.5.2 Steady State Crack Growth..........................................................166
A3.6 Notes on the Applicability of Deformation Plasticity
to Crack Problems ......................................................................................168
References ......................................................................................................................................171
Chapter 4
Dynamic and Time-Dependent Fracture........................................................................................173
4.1 Dynamic Fracture and Crack Arrest ....................................................................................173
4.1.1 Rapid Loading of a Stationary Crack ......................................................................174
4.1.2 Rapid Crack Propagation and Arrest.......................................................................178
4.1.2.1 Crack Speed...............................................................................................180
4.1.2.2 Elastodynamic Crack-Tip Parameters.......................................................182
4.1.2.3 Dynamic Toughness ..................................................................................184
4.1.2.4 Crack Arrest ..............................................................................................186
4.1.3 Dynamic Contour Integrals .....................................................................................188
4.2 Creep Crack Growth ............................................................................................................189
4.2.1 The C*Integral ........................................................................................................191
4.2.2 Short-Time vs. Long-Time Behavior .......................................................................193
4.2.2.1 The CtParameter ......................................................................................195
4.2.2.2 Primary Creep ...........................................................................................196
4.3 Viscoelastic Fracture Mechanics..........................................................................................196
4.3.1 Linear Viscoelasticity ...............................................................................................197
4.3.2 The Viscoelastic JIntegral .......................................................................................200
4.3.2.1 Constitutive Equations ..............................................................................200
4.3.2.2 Correspondence Principle..........................................................................200
4.3.2.3 Generalized JIntegral ...............................................................................201
4.3.2.4 Crack Initiation and Growth .....................................................................202
4.3.3 Transition from Linear to Nonlinear Behavior ........................................................204
Appendix 4: Dynamic Fracture Analysis....................................................................................206
A4.1 Elastodynamic Crack Tip Fields ................................................................206
A4.2 Derivation of the Generalized Energy
Release Rate ...............................................................................................209
References ......................................................................................................................................213
Part III
Material Behavior.........................................................................................................................217
Chapter 5
Fracture Mechanisms in Metals.....................................................................................................219
5.1 Ductile Fracture ....................................................................................................................219
5.1.1 Void Nucleation ........................................................................................................219
5.1.2 Void Growth and Coalescence .................................................................................222
5.1.3 Ductile Crack Growth ..............................................................................................231
5.2 Cleavage................................................................................................................................234
5.2.1 Fractography .............................................................................................................234
5.2.2 Mechanisms of Cleavage Initiation..........................................................................235
5.2.3 Mathematical Models of Cleavage Fracture
Toughness .................................................................................................................238
5.3 The Ductile-Brittle Transition ..............................................................................................247
5.4 Intergranular Fracture...........................................................................................................249
Appendix 5: Statistical Modeling of Cleavage Fracture ............................................................250
A5.1 Weakest Link Fracture................................................................................250
A5.2 Incorporating a Conditional Probability
of Propagation ............................................................................................252
References ......................................................................................................................................254
Chapter 6
Fracture Mechanisms in Nonmetals ..............................................................................................257
6.1 Engineering Plastics .............................................................................................................257
6.1.1 Structure and Properties of Polymers......................................................................258
6.1.1.1 Molecular Weight ......................................................................................258
6.1.1.2 Molecular Structure ...................................................................................259
6.1.1.3 Crystalline and Amorphous Polymers ......................................................259
6.1.1.4 Viscoelastic Behavior ................................................................................260
6.1.1.5 Mechanical Analogs ..................................................................................263
6.1.2 Yielding and Fracture in Polymers ..........................................................................265
6.1.2.1 Chain Scission and Disentanglement........................................................265
6.1.2.2 Shear Yielding and Crazing.......................................................................265
6.1.2.3 Crack-Tip Behavior ...................................................................................267
6.1.2.4 Rubber Toughening...................................................................................268
6.1.2.5 Fatigue.......................................................................................................270
6.1.3 Fiber-Reinforced Plastics .........................................................................................270
6.1.3.1 Overview of Failure Mechanisms.............................................................271
6.1.3.2 Delamination .............................................................................................272
6.1.3.3 Compressive Failure ..................................................................................275
6.1.3.4 Notch Strength...........................................................................................278
6.1.3.5 Fatigue Damage.........................................................................................280
6.2 Ceramics and Ceramic Composites .....................................................................................282
6.2.1 Microcrack Toughening............................................................................................285
6.2.2 Transformation Toughening .....................................................................................286
6.2.3 Ductile Phase Toughening........................................................................................287
6.2.4 Fiber and Whisker Toughening ................................................................................288
6.3 Concrete and Rock ...............................................................................................................291
References ......................................................................................................................................293
Part IV
Applications ..................................................................................................................................297
Chapter 7
Fracture Toughness Testing of Metals ...........................................................................................299
7.1 General Considerations ........................................................................................................299
7.1.1 Specimen Configurations..........................................................................................299
7.1.2 Specimen Orientation ...............................................................................................301
7.1.3 Fatigue Precracking ..................................................................................................303
7.1.4 Instrumentation .........................................................................................................305
7.1.5 Side Grooving...........................................................................................................307
7.2 KIc
Testing ............................................................................................................................308
7.2.1 ASTM E 399 ............................................................................................................309
7.2.2 Shortcomings of E 399 and Similar Standards .......................................................312
7.3 K-RCurve Testing ................................................................................................................316
7.3.1 Specimen Design ......................................................................................................317
7.3.2 Experimental Measurement of K-RCurves .............................................................318
7.4 JTesting of Metals ...............................................................................................................320
7.4.1 The Basic Test Procedure and JIcMeasurements ....................................................320
7.4.2 J-RCurve Testing.....................................................................................................322
7.4.3 Critical JValues for Unstable Fracture....................................................................324
7.5 CTOD Testing.......................................................................................................................326
7.6 Dynamic and Crack-Arrest Toughness ................................................................................329
7.6.1 Rapid Loading in Fracture Testing ..........................................................................329
7.6.2 KIaMeasurements .....................................................................................................330
7.7 Fracture Testing of Weldments ............................................................................................334
7.7.1 Specimen Design and Fabrication............................................................................334
7.7.2 Notch Location and Orientation...............................................................................335
7.7.3 Fatigue Precracking ..................................................................................................337
7.7.4 Posttest Analysis.......................................................................................................337
7.8 Testing and Analysis of Steels in the Ductile-Brittle Transition Region............................338
7.9 Qualitative Toughness Tests .................................................................................................340
7.9.1 Charpy and Izod Impact Test...................................................................................341
7.9.2 Drop Weight Test......................................................................................................342
7.9.3 Drop Weight Tear and Dynamic Tear Tests.............................................................344
Appendix 7: Stress Intensity, Compliance, and Limit Load Solutions
for Laboratory Specimens......................................................................................344
References ......................................................................................................................................350
Chapter 8
Fracture Testing of Nonmetals.......................................................................................................353
8.1 Fracture Toughness Measurements in Engineering Plastics................................................353
8.1.1 The Suitability of Kand Jfor Polymers .................................................................353
8.1.1.1 K-Controlled Fracture................................................................................354
8.1.1.2 J-Controlled Fracture.................................................................................357
8.1.2 Precracking and Other Practical Matters .................................................................360
8.1.3 KlcTesting .................................................................................................................362
8.1.4 JTesting....................................................................................................................365
8.1.5 Experimental Estimates of Time-Dependent Fracture Parameters..........................369
8.1.6 Qualitative Fracture Tests on Plastics ......................................................................371
8.2 Interlaminar Toughness of Composites................................................................................373
8.3 Ceramics ...............................................................................................................................378
8.3.1 Chevron-Notched Specimens ...................................................................................378
8.3.2 Bend Specimens Precracked by Bridge Indentation ...............................................380
References ......................................................................................................................................382
Chapter 9
Application to Structures ...............................................................................................................385
9.1 Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics.......................................................................................385
9.1.1 KIfor Part-Through Cracks......................................................................................387
9.1.2 Influence Coefficients for Polynomial Stress Distributions ....................................388
9.1.3 Weight Functions for Arbitrary Loading .................................................................392
9.1.4 Primary, Secondary, and Residual Stresses .............................................................394
9.1.5 A Warning about LEFM...........................................................................................395
9.2 The CTOD Design Curve ....................................................................................................395
9.3 Elastic-Plastic J-Integral Analysis........................................................................................397
9.3.1 The EPRI J-Estimation Procedure ...........................................................................398
9.3.1.1 Theoretical Background ............................................................................398
9.3.1.2 Estimation Equations.................................................................................399
9.3.1.3 Comparison with Experimental JEstimates.............................................401
9.3.2 The Reference Stress Approach ...............................................................................403
9.3.3 Ductile Instability Analysis ......................................................................................405
9.3.4 Some Practical Considerations.................................................................................408
9.4 Failure Assessment Diagrams ..............................................................................................410
9.4.1 Original Concept ......................................................................................................410
9.4.2 J-Based FAD ............................................................................................................412
9.4.3 Approximations of the FAD Curve..........................................................................415
9.4.4 Estimating the Reference Stress...............................................................................416
9.4.5 Application to Welded Structures ............................................................................423
9.4.5.1 Incorporating Weld Residual Stresses.......................................................423
9.4.5.2 Weld Misalignment....................................................................................426
9.4.5.3 Weld Strength Mismatch ...........................................................................427
9.4.6 Primary vs. Secondary Stresses in the FAD Method ..............................................428
9.4.7 Ductile-Tearing Analysis with the FAD...................................................................430
9.4.8 Standardized FAD-Based Procedures ......................................................................430
9.5 Probabilistic Fracture Mechanics .........................................................................................432
Appendix 9: Stress Intensity and Fully Plastic JSolutions
for Selected Configurations ...................................................................................434
References ......................................................................................................................................449
Chapter 10
Fatigue Crack Propagation.............................................................................................................451
10.1 Similitude in Fatigue ..........................................................................................................451
10.2 Empirical Fatigue Crack Growth Equations ......................................................................453
10.3 Crack Closure .....................................................................................................................457
10.3.1 A Closer Look at Crack-Wedging Mechanisms...................................................460
10.3.2 Effects of Loading Variables on Closure..............................................................463
10.4 The Fatigue Threshold ........................................................................................................464
10.4.1 The Closure Model for the Threshold ..................................................................465
10.4.2 A Two-Criterion Model.........................................................................................466
10.4.3 Threshold Behavior in Inert Environments ..........................................................470
10.5 Variable Amplitude Loading and Retardation....................................................................473
10.5.1 Linear Damage Model for Variable Amplitude Fatigue.......................................474
10.5.2 Reverse Plasticity at the Crack Tip.......................................................................475
10.5.3 The Effect of Overloads and Underloads ............................................................478
10.5.4 Models for Retardation and Variable Amplitude Fatigue.....................................484
10.6 Growth of Short Cracks......................................................................................................488
10.6.1 Microstructurally Short Cracks.............................................................................491
10.6.2 Mechanically Short Cracks ...................................................................................491
10.7 Micromechanisms of Fatigue .............................................................................................491
10.7.1 Fatigue in Region II ..............................................................................................491
10.7.2 Micromechanisms Near the Threshold .................................................................494
10.7.3 Fatigue at High ∆KValues....................................................................................495
10.8 Fatigue Crack Growth Experiments ...................................................................................495
10.8.1 Crack Growth Rate and Threshold Measurement ................................................496
10.8.2 Closure Measurements ..........................................................................................498
10.8.3 A Proposed Experimental Definition of ∆Keff......................................................500
10.9 Damage Tolerance Methodology........................................................................................501
Appendix 10: Application of The JContour Integral to Cyclic Loading .................................504
A10.1 Definition of ∆J......................................................................................504
A10.2 Path Independence of ∆J........................................................................506
A10.3 Small-Scale Yielding Limit.....................................................................507
References ......................................................................................................................................507
Chapter 11
Environmentally Assisted Cracking in Metals ..............................................................................511
11.1 Corrosion Principles ...........................................................................................................511
11.1.1 Electrochemical Reactions ....................................................................................511
11.1.2 Corrosion Current and Polarization ......................................................................514
11.1.3 Electrode Potential and Passivity..........................................................................514
11.1.4 Cathodic Protection ...............................................................................................515
11.1.5 Types of Corrosion................................................................................................516
11.2 Environmental Cracking Overview ....................................................................................516
11.2.1 Terminology and Classification of Cracking Mechanisms ..................................516
11.2.2 Occluded Chemistry of Cracks, Pits, and Crevices..............................................517
11.2.3 Crack Growth Rate vs. Applied Stress Intensity..................................................518
11.2.4 The Threshold for EAC ........................................................................................520
11.2.5 Small Crack Effects ..............................................................................................521
11.2.6 Static, Cyclic, and Fluctuating Loads...................................................................523
11.2.7 Cracking Morphology ...........................................................................................523
11.2.8 Life Prediction.......................................................................................................523
11.3 Stress Corrosion Cracking ..................................................................................................525
11.3.1 The Film Rupture Model ......................................................................................527
11.3.2 Crack Growth Rate in Stage II .............................................................................528
11.3.3 Metallurgical Variables that Influence SCC..........................................................528
11.3.4 Corrosion Product Wedging ..................................................................................529
11.4 Hydrogen Embrittlement ....................................................................................................529
11.4.1 Cracking Mechanisms ...........................................................................................530
11.4.2 Variables that Affect Cracking Behavior ..............................................................531
11.4.2.1 Loading Rate and Load History...........................................................531
11.4.2.2 Strength.................................................................................................533
11.4.2.3 Amount of Available Hydrogen ...........................................................535
11.4.2.4 Temperature ..........................................................................................535
11.5 Corrosion Fatigue................................................................................................................538
11.5.1 Time-Dependent and Cycle-Dependent Behavior ................................................538
11.5.2 Typical Data ..........................................................................................................541
11.5.3 Mechanisms...........................................................................................................543
11.5.3.1 Film Rupture Models ...........................................................................544
11.5.3.2 Hydrogen Environment Embrittlement................................................544
11.5.3.3 Surface Films........................................................................................544
11.5.4 The Effect of Corrosion Product Wedging on Fatigue.........................................544
11.6 Experimental Methods ........................................................................................................545
11.6.1 Tests on Smooth Specimens .................................................................................546
11.6.2 Fracture Mechanics Test Methods ........................................................................547
References ......................................................................................................................................552
Chapter 12
Computational Fracture Mechanics ...............................................................................................553
12.1 Overview of Numerical Methods .......................................................................................553
12.1.1 The Finite Element Method ..................................................................................554
12.1.2 The Boundary Integral Equation Method.............................................................556
12.2 Traditional Methods in Computational Fracture Mechanics .............................................558
12.2.1 Stress and Displacement Matching.......................................................................558
12.2.2 Elemental Crack Advance .....................................................................................559
12.2.3 Contour Integration ...............................................................................................560
12.2.4 Virtual Crack Extension: Stiffness Derivative Formulation .................................560
12.2.5 Virtual Crack Extension: Continuum Approach...................................................561
12.3 The Energy Domain Integral..............................................................................................563
12.3.1 Theoretical Background ........................................................................................563
12.3.2 Generalization to Three Dimensions ....................................................................566
12.3.3 Finite Element Implementation.............................................................................568
12.4 Mesh Design .......................................................................................................................570
12.5 Linear Elastic Convergence Study .....................................................................................577
12.6 Analysis of Growing Cracks ..............................................................................................585
Appendix 12: Properties of Singularity Elements......................................................................587
A12.1 Quadrilateral Element.............................................................................587
A12.2 Triangular Element .................................................................................589
References ......................................................................................................................................590
Chapter 13
Practice Problems...........................................................................................................................593
13.1 Chapter 1.............................................................................................................................593
13.2 Chapter 2.............................................................................................................................593
13.3 Chapter 3.............................................................................................................................596
13.4 Chapter 4.............................................................................................................................598
13.5 Chapter 5.............................................................................................................................599
13.6 Chapter 6.............................................................................................................................600
13.7 Chapter 7.............................................................................................................................600
13.8 Chapter 8.............................................................................................................................603
13.9 Chapter 9.............................................................................................................................605
13.10 Chapter 10 ..........................................................................................................................607
13.11 Chapter 11 ..........................................................................................................................608
13.12 Chapter 12 ..........................................................................................................................609
Index ..............................................................................................................................................611

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