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[½»Á÷] Interesting Open Problems Related to Graphs Thoery ÒÑÓÐ1È˲ÎÓë

The following conjecture was proposed by P. Seymour in 1990.

Conjecture: every directed graph $D=(V, A)$ (loopless and without multiple arcs or circuits of length two) contains a vertex $v$ such that $|N^+(v)|\leq |N^{++}(v)|$, where $N^+(v)$ is the set of all out neighbors of $v$ and $N^{++}$ is the set of all second out neighbors of $v$, that is, $N^+(v)=\{u\mid (v,u)\in A\}$ and $N^{++}=\{u\in V\setminus N^+(v)\mid \exists {u'\in N^+(v) [(v,u')\in A, (u', u)\in A]} \}$.

Fisher [1] has proved that the conjecture is true when $D$ is a tournament. However, for $D$ being a general digraph, this conjecture remains open.

[1] D. C. Fisher, Squaring a tournament: a proof of Dean¡¯s conjecture. J. Graph
Theory, 23 (1996), 43¨C48.
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Interesting Open Problems Related to Graphs Thoery
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The following conjecture was proposed by P. Seymour in 1990.
ÒÔϲÂÏëÊÇÓÉP.Î÷Ħ1990ÁË¡£

Conjecture: every directed graph $D=(V, A)$ (loopless and without multiple arcs or circuits of length two) contains a vertex $v$ such that $|N^+(v)|\leq |N^{++}(v)|$, where $N^+(v)$ is the set of all out neighbors of $v$ and $N^{++}$ is the set of all second out neighbors of $v$, that is, $N^+(v)=\{u\mid (v,u)\in A\}$ and $N^{++}=\{u\in V\setminus N^+(v)\mid \exists {u'\in N^+(v) [(v,u')\in A, (u', u)\in A]} \}$.
²ÂÏ룺ÿһ¸öÓÐÏòͼ$ d =£¨V£¬A£©$£¨ÎÞ»·ºÍ²»¶àµÄ»¡»òµç·µÄ³¤¶È£©°üº¬Ò»¸ö¶¥µãv£¬|ÃÀÔªÃÀÔªÃÀÔª^ + n£¨V£©| \ LEQ | N ^ { + }£¨V£©|ÃÀÔª£¬ÆäÖÐ$ n ^ +£¨V£©ÊǼ¯ËùÓÐÁÚ¾ÓµÄ$ V $ºÍ$ N ^ { + } $ÊǼ¯ËùÓеڶþÁÚ¾ÓÎåÃÀÔª£¬ÃÀÔª£¬ÃÀÔª£¬N ^ +£¨V£©= \ {U \ÖÐÆÚ£¨v£¬u£©\ \ } $ºÍ$ N ^ { + } = \ { uÔÚVÐÍsetminus N ^ +£¨V£©\ÖÐ\´æÔÚ{ U \ n ^ +£¨V£©[£¨v£¬u£©ÔÚÒ»£¬£¨u£¬u£©ÔÚÒ»] } } $ \¡£

Fisher [1] has proved that the conjecture is true when $D$ is a tournament. However, for $D$ being a general digraph, this conjecture remains open.
·ÑÉá¶û[ 1 ]Ö¤Ã÷²ÂÏëÎªÕæÊ±$ D $ÊÇÒ»¸ö±ÈÈü¡£È»¶ø£¬Îª$ D $×÷ΪһÖÖͨÓõÄÓÐÏòͼ£¬Õâ¸ö²ÂÏëÈÔÈ»ÊÇ¿ª·ÅµÄ¡£

[1] D. C. Fisher, Squaring a tournament: a proof of Dean¡¯s conjecture. J. Graph
¡¾1¡¿D. C. Fisher£¬ÀÙ±ÈÈü£ºDean²ÂÏëµÄÖ¤Ã÷¡£J.ͼ

Theory, 23 (1996), 43¨C48.
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