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Of late, the most bountiful natural biopolymer chitin and chitosan have become cynosure of all party because of an unusual combination of biological activities plus mechanical and physical properties. However applications of chitin are limited due to its inherent insoluble and intractable nature. Chitosan, alkaline hydrolytic derivative of chitin has better solubility profile, less crystallinity and is amenable to chemical modifications due to presence of functional groups as hydroxyl, acetamido, and amine. The chemical modification of chitosan is of interest because the modification would not change the fundamental skeleton of chitosan, would keep the original physicochemical and biochemical properties and finally would bring new or improved properties. In view of rapidly growing interest in chitosan its chemical aspects and chemical modification studies is reviewed. The several chemical modifications such as oligomerization, alkylation, acylation, quternization, hydroxyalkylation, carboxyalkylation, thiolation, sulfation, phosphorylation, enzymatic modifications and graft copolymerization along with many assorted modifications have been carried out. The chemical modification affords a wide range of derivatives with modified properties for specific end use applications in diversified areas mainly of pharmaceutical, biomedical and biotechnological fields. Assorted modifications including chitosan hybrids with sugars, cyclodextrin, dendrimers, and crown ethers have also emerged as interesting multifunctional macromolecules. The versatility in possible modifications and applications of chitosan derivatives presents a great challenge to scientific community and to industry. The successful acceptance of this challenge will change the role of chitosan from being a molecule in waiting to a lead player. |
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elaine1226
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sltmac(金币+5): 辛苦 2011-10-13 21:28:45
sltmac(金币+10): 2011-10-18 13:24:31
sltmac(金币+10, 翻译EPI+1): 欢迎常来本版~~ 2011-10-18 13:24:44
sltmac(金币+5): 辛苦 2011-10-13 21:28:45
sltmac(金币+10): 2011-10-18 13:24:31
sltmac(金币+10, 翻译EPI+1): 欢迎常来本版~~ 2011-10-18 13:24:44
| 近来，最丰富的天然生物高分子甲壳素和壳聚糖因独具结合了生物活性和机械力学性能的优点而吸引了所有课题组的瞩目。然而，由于甲壳素难以溶解且不易修饰的特性，其应用被限制。壳聚糖是甲壳素的碱性水解产物，它具有功能化基团如羟基，乙酰氨基和氨基，所以拥有更好的溶解度，更低的结晶度且可被化学修饰。壳聚糖的化学修饰非常吸引人，因为这种修饰不会改变壳聚糖的基本骨架，能保持原有的物理化学和生物化学性质并最终带来新的或改进的性质。鉴于对壳聚糖快速增长的兴趣，我们综述了其化学性质和化学修饰的研究。一些化学修饰如齐聚化，烷基化，酰化，季铵化，羟烷基化，碳烷氧基化，巯基化，磺化，磷酸化，酶修饰和枝接共聚化以及很多组合修饰被实现。化学改性提供了大量具有改良的性质衍生物，特定地最终应用于主要是药物，生物医用和生物技术的各种领域。组合修饰包括壳聚糖与糖类，环糊精，树形高分子和冠醚的共混，也已经成为令人关注的多功能大分子。用途广泛的壳聚糖衍生物的合理修饰和应用对科学界和工业展示出巨大的挑战。成功地接受这些挑战将改变壳聚糖从一个分子等待成为一个领导者的角色。 |
2楼2011-10-13 20:35:11