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csu03712木虫 (著名写手)
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[求助]
求助翻译一段英文文献（高分子聚合方向）
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也可以翻译其中一段，谢谢！ Bacterial drug resistance has become a serious problem in hospitals and community environments, as currently used treatments with broad-spectrum antibiotics are becoming progressively less effective.1 One of the most dangerous human pathogens in this regard is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), an opportunistic microbe commonly found in skin abrasions and open wounds. Without treatment, these drug-resistant infections can lead rapidly to the onset of bacteremia, sepsis, and toxic shock syndrome.2-4 Drug-resistant infections claim thousands of lives annually in the United States, and antibiotic therapy has been reduced to only a few approved therapies. This problem will most certainly continue to escalate as antibiotic resistance becomes even more widespread and serious. In addition to issues relating to acquired antibiotic resistance, many antibiotics are generally less effective in treating infections in fatty tissue, biofilms, or along the surfaces of bone and artificial devices where drug-resistant bacterial infections are so often found.9 Some lipophilic antimicrobials are also limited to topical application because of their low water solubility for systemic administration. Our laboratory has become interested in exploring the use of nanoparticle-based antibiotics as potential treatments for life-threatening bacterial infections. One obvious use of the nanoparticles would be for enhancing performance of antibacterial drugs that otherwise suffers from poor water solubility, stability, toxicity, or pharmacokinetics and distribution. Many lipid, phospholipid, and triglyceride-based emulsions containing droplets at the submicron level have shown benefits when used for drug delivery, including delivering the dissolved drug solely to its intended destination in the body, providing the drug with controlled release, increasing the uptake and efficiency of the drug, and also reducing the inherent toxicity of the drug monomer, as in the case of amphotericin B.11-18 More recently, nanoparticles made from metals, fullerenes, synthetic and natural polymers, and various lipids have been investigated for certain drug delivery applications,19-25 a process wrought with questions and concerns relating to their ultimate benefits, applications, and potential drawbacks. One of the major concerns with the use of nanomaterials is the heightened risk of toxicity due to their extremely small size, their physical properties, their unknown chemical and biochemical interactions, as well as their ease of penetration through cellular and blood-brain barriers. Toxicological analysis of metal-based nanoparticles in solution has been underway for some time,20,22,24; however, evaluation of new nanoparticle materials for cytotoxic or systemic toxicity has not kept up with the rapid evolution of the nanotechnology field. Polyacrylates have been used since the 1960s as biomedical coatings on devices and surgical glues, and are considered nontoxic26-35; moreover, emulsified polyacrylates, likewise, have been studied as colloidal drug carriers.11-18,28,36-41 However, data on toxicity and biocompatibility of polyacrylate nanoparticles (having diameters b100 nm) is severely lacking. |
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2楼2011-05-11 12:05:48
