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It is interesting to notice the molecular orbital interaction between the H2O molecule and amino acetonitrile (1). We plotted the frontier orbitals of 1, the complex (H2O + 1, precursor of reactants), and transition state 2 in Figure 3. Assuming that the molecular plane of 1 passes through the central carbon atom, the nitrile group, and the nitrogen atom, we then can distinguish the HOMO-1 as being symmetric to the molecular plane, from HOMO-2, on the molecular plane of 1. These two MOs feature the two e orientations of the CN group. When H2O starts to approach 1, the shapes of these MOs as well as the energy order do not change (as shown in the complex portion of MOs in Figure 3). However, we found that the energy of HOMO-2 of the complex starts to increase as the two approaching moieties get closer and closer, and it became HOMO at the transition state. We can trace these points along the reaction coordinate and plot the change in these MO energies, shown in Figure 4. At point 12 where the CaaaO distance is 2.53 ? and the HaaaOH distance is 1.01 ?, the MO energy of the original HOMO-2 jumps over and becomes HOMO-1. This MO energy keeps on rising, and at point 16 where the C...O distance is 1.89 ? and the HaaaOH distance is 1.02 ?, it becomes HOMO and remains HOMO to the transition state. This MO energy trend is similar to the potential energy profile of the transition state. On the contrary, the energies of the original HOMO and HOMO-1 of the precursor do not follow the trend and become HOMO-1 and HOMO-2, respectively, at the transition state. This result reminds us not to ignore the molecular interaction occurring in HOMO-2 of the precursor, which almost dominates the energy change of the reaction process. We found out that the formation of HOMO-2 and HOMO-3 in the precursor was mainly an MO combination from the HOMO of H2O and the HOMO-2 of amino acetonitrile, drawn in Figure 3. The positive (or same phase) combination forms HOMO-3, and the negative (or opposite phase) combination forms HOMO-2. Along the reaction coordinate, we inspected the changes in these MOs and assured that HOMO-2 represented the transfer of the hydrogen to the N atom of the nitrile group in amino acetonitrile, whereas that of HOMO-3 represented the formation of the C-O bond of the C atom of the nitrile group with the O atom of H2O. Because the MO energy of HOMO-3 does not change significantly (in fact, it decreases a little bit in Figure 4) during the whole reaction process, we are convinced that the crucial part of this nitrile hydrolysis process was the transfer of the hydrogen atom of H2O to the N atom of the nitrile group but not the formation of the C-O bond between H2O and the nitrile group.
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Molecular Orbital Coefficients
1 2 3 4 5
(A1)--O (A1)--O (B2)--O (A1)--O (B1)--O
EIGENvalueS -- -20.56173 -1.33881 -0.69998 -0.56941 -0.49714
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11 12 13 14 15
(A" --O (A')--O (A')--O (A" --O (A')--O
EIGENvalueS -- -0.59079 -0.55724 -0.47552 -0.46248 -0.42548
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