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翻译课文1篇Culture Shock & The Problem Of....
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Culture Shock & The Problem Of Adjustment To New Cultural Environments (An editorial by Dr. Lalervo Oberg; Anthropologist; Health, Welfare and Housing Division; United States Operations Mission to Brazil) I would like to make a few remarks about culture shock, a malady which afflicts most of us to some degree. We might almost call culture shock an occupational disease of many people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. ....... ....... ....... |
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zyy816
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2楼2009-10-21 11:04:53
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3楼2009-10-25 10:04:02
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Culture Shock & The Problem Of Adjustment To New Cultural Environments (An editorial by Dr. Lalervo Oberg; Anthropologist; Health, Welfare and Housing Division; United States Operations Mission to Brazil) I would like to make a few remarks about culture shock, a malady which afflicts most of us to some degree. We might almost call culture shock an occupational disease of many people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. Customs, Cues, Norms Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. These signs are the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situations of daily life: when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to give orders to servants, how to make purchases, when to accept and when to refuse invitations, when to take statements seriously and when not. These cues, which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, customs, or norms are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept. All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, most of which are unconsciously learned. When an individual enters a strange culture, all or most of these familiar cues are removed. He or she is like a fish out of water. No matter how broad-minded or full of goodwill he may be, a series of props have been knocked from under him. This is followed by a feeling of frustration and anxiety. People react to the frustration in much the same way. First they reject the environment which causes the discomfort: "the ways of the host country are bad because they make us feel bad." For example Americans who are in a strange land get together to grouse about the host country and its people, you can be sure they are suffering from culture shock. Another phase of culture shock is regression. The home environment suddenly assumes a tremendous importance, everything becomes irrationally glorified. All difficulties and problems are forgotten and only the good things back home are remembered. It usually takes a trip home to bring one back to reality. Symptoms Some of the symptoms of culture shock are: excessive concern over cleanliness and the feeling that what is new and strange is "dirty." This could be in relation to drinking water, food, dishes, and bedding; fear of physical contact with attendants or servants; a feeling of helplessness and a desire for dependence on long-term residents of one's own nationality; irritation over delays and other minor frustrations out of proportion to their causes; delay and outright refusal to learn the language of the host country; excessive fear of being cheated, robbed, or injured; great concern over minor pains and irruptions of the skin; and finally, that terrible longing to be back home, to be in familiar surroundings, to visit one's relatives, and, in general, to talk to people who really "make sense." Individuals differ greatly in the degree in which culture shock affects them. Although not common, there are individuals who cannot live in foreign countries. Those who have seen people go through a serious case of culture shock and on to a satisfactory adjustment can discern steps in the process. The Honeymoon Stage During the first few weeks most individuals are fascinated by the new. They stay in hotels and associate with nationals who speak their language and are polite and gracious to foreigners. This honeymoon stage may last from a few days or weeks to six months depending on circumstances. If one is a very important person he or she will be taken to the show places, pampered and petted, and in a press interview will speak glowingly about progress, goodwill, and international amity. If he returns home may well write a book about his pleasant if superficial experience abroad. But this "Cook's tour" type of mentality does not normally last if the foreign visitor remains abroad and has to seriously cope with real conditions of life. It is then that the second stage begins, characterized by a hostile and aggressive attitude towards the host country. This hostility evidently grows out of the genuine difficulty which the visitor experiences in the process of adjustment. There is maid trouble, school trouble, language trouble, house trouble, transportation trouble, shopping trouble, and the fact that people in the host country are largely indifferent to all these troubles. They help but they just don't understand your great concern over these difficulties. Therefore, they must be insensitive and unsympathetic to you and your worries. The result, "I just don't like them." You become aggressive, you band together with your fellow countrymen and criticize the host country, its ways and its people. This criticism is not an objective appraisal but a derogatory one. Instead of trying to account for conditions as they are through an honest analysis of the actual conditions and the historical circumstances which have created them, you talk as if the difficulties you experience are more or less created by the people of the host country for your special discomfort. You take refuge in the company of your countrymen and this cocktail circuit becomes the fountainhead of emotionally charged labels knows as stereotypes. This is a peculiar kind of shorthand which caricatures the host country and its people in a negative manner. Stereotypes The "dollar grasping American" and the "indolent Latin American" are samples of mild forms of stereotypes. The use of stereotypes may salve the ego of someone with a severe case of culture shock but it certainly does not lead to any genuine understanding of the host country and its people. This second stage of culture shock is in a sense a crisis in the disease. If you overcome it you stay, if not, you leave before you reach the stage of a nervous breakdown. Culture shock is lessened as the visitor succeeds in getting some knowledge of the language and begins to get around by himself. This is the beginning of his adjustment to the new cultural environment. The visitor still has difficulties but he takes a "this is my cross and I have to bear it" attitude. Usually in this stage the visitor takes a superior attitude toward people of the host country. His sense of humor begins to exert itself. Instead of criticizing he makes jokes about the people and even cracks jokes about his or her own difficulties. He or she is now on the way to recovery. And there is still the poor devil who is worse off than yourself whom you can help, which in turn gives you confidence in your ability to speak and get around. |
4楼2009-10-30 19:19:43
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Final adjustment In the final stage of adjustment the visitor accepts the customs of the country as just another way of living. He can operate within the new milieu without a feeling of anxiety although there are moments of strain. Only with a complete grasp of all the cues of social intercourse will this strain disappear. For a long time the individual will understand what the national is saying, but he is not always sure what the national means. With a complete adjustment you not only accept the foods, drinks, habits, and customs but actually begin to enjoy them. When you go back home on leave you may even take things back with you and if you leave for good you generally miss the country and the people to whom you have become accustomed. It might be well to point out that the difficulties which the newcomer experiences are very real. If individuals come to a tropical area from a temperate one they quite often suffer from intestinal disturbances. Strange foods sometimes upset people. In Rio, for instance, water and power shortages are very real. When these physical difficulties are added to those arising from not knowing how to communicate and the uncertainties presented by customs the consequent frustrations and anxieties are understandable. In the course of time, an individual makes this adjustment. You do what is essential about water, food, and the other minutiae of daily life. You adapt yourself to water and power shortages and to traffic problems. In short, the environment does not change. What has changed is your attitude towards it. Somehow it no longer troubles you, you no longer project your discomforts onto the people of the host country and their ways. You get along under a new set of living conditions. Your attitude Another important point worth considering is the attitude of others to a person suffering from culture shock. If you are frustrated and have an aggressive attitude to the people of the host country, they will sense this hostility and in many cases respond in either a hostile manner or try to avoid you. In other words, their response moves from a preliminary phase of ingratiation to aggressive ridicule and on to avoidance. To your own countrymen who are well adjusted you become somewhat of a problem. As you feel weak in the face of the host country people you tend to wish to increase your dependence on your fellow countrymen much more than is normal. Some will try to help you, others will try to avoid you. The better your fellow countryman understands your condition the better he is able to help you. But the difficulty is that culture shock has not been studied carefully enough for people to help you in an organized manner and you continue to be considered a bit queer - until you adjust yourself to the new situation. Although I am not certain, I think culture shock affects wives more than husbands. The husband has his professional duties to occupy him and his activities may not differ too much from what he has been accustomed to. The wife, on the other hand, has to operate in an environment which differs much more from the milieu in which she grew up. A product of history In an effort to get over culture shock, I think there is value in knowing something about the nature of culture and its relationship to the individual. In addition to living in a physical environment, an individual lives in a cultural environment consisting of manmade physical objects, social institutions, and ideas and beliefs. An individual is not born with culture but only with the capacity to learn it and use it. There is nothing in a new born child which dictates that it should eventually speak Portuguese, English, or French, nor that he eat with a fork in his left hand rather than in the right, or use chop sticks. All these things the child has to learn. Nor are the parents responsible for the culture which they transmit to their young. The culture of any people is the product of history and is built up over time largely through processes which are, as far as the individual is concerned, beyond his awareness. It is by means of culture that the young learn to adapt themselves to the physical environment and to the people with whom they associate. As we know, children and adolescents often experience difficulties in this process of learning and adjustment. But once learned, culture becomes a way of life, the sure, familiar, largely automatic way of getting what you want from your environment and as such it also becomes a value. People have a way of accepting their culture as both the best and the only way of doing things. This is perfectly normal and understandable. To this attitude we give the name ethnocentrism, a belief that not only the culture but the race and nation form the center of the world. Individuals identify themselves with their own group and its ways to the extent that any critical comment is taken as an affront to the individual as well as to the group. If you criticize my country, you are criticizing me. If you criticize me, you are criticizing my country. Along with this attitude goes the tendency to attribute all individual peculiarities as national characteristics. For instance, if an American does something odd or antisocial in a foreign country which back home would be considered a purely individual act, it is now considered a national trait. Instead of being censured as an individual, his country is censured. It is best to recognize that ethnocentrism is a characteristic of national groups. If a national criticizes some aspect of his own culture, the foreigner should listen but not enter into the criticism. The study of culture Specific cultures are products of historical development. Brazil and the United States, for instance, have different cultural origins and different culture histories which account for present day differences. In this case, however, the differences are not great, both cultures being parts of Western civilization. It might be useful to recognize here that the study of culture per se is not the study of individuals. Psychology is the study of individual personality. Sociology is the study of groups and group behaviors. The student of culture studies not human individuals but the interrelationships of culture forms like technologies, institutions, idea and belief systems. Hi is interested not so much in the study of culture as such, but its impact upon the individual under special conditions. Common elements Any modern nation is a complex society with corresponding variations in culture. In composition it is made up of different ethnic groups, it is stratified into classes, it is differentiated into regions, it is separated into rural and urban settlements, each having its own distinctive cultural characteristics. Yet superimposed upon these differences are the common elements of official language, institutions, and customs which knit it together to form a nation. These facts indicate that it is not a simple matter to acquaint oneself with the culture of a nation. Similarly the culture of one's own nation is complex. It too, differs by region and class. Americans, for instance, who go abroad in various governmental and business capacities, are usually members of the middle class and carry the values and aspirations of this class, some of which are an accent on the practical or utilitarian - work as a means to personal success, and suspicion of personal authority. Accustomed to working in large hierarchical institutions like business corporations, governmental agencies, or scientific foundations which have a life of their own and persist in time, Americans tend to become impersonal. Individuals no matter how able are replaceable parts in these large institutions. A lack of understanding An objective treatment of your cultural background and that of your new environment is important in understanding culture shock. There is a great difference in knowing what is the cause of your disturbance and not knowing. Once you realize that your trouble is due to your own lack of understanding of other people's cultural background and your own lack of the means of communication rather than the hostility of an alien environment, you also realize that you yourself can gain this understanding and these means of communication. And the sooner you do this, the sooner culture shock will disappear. The question now arises, what can you do to get over culture shock as quickly as possible? The answer is to get to know the people of that host country. But this you cannot do with any success without knowing the language, for language is the principal symbol system of communication. We all know that learning a new language is difficult, particularly to adults. This task alone is quite enough to cause frustration and anxiety, no matter how skillful the language teacher. But once you begin to be able to carry on a friendly conversation with your maid, your neighbor, or to go on shopping trips alone, you not only gain confidence and a feeling of power but a whole new world of cultural meanings open up for you. You begin to find out not only what and how people do things but also what their interests are. These interests people usually express by what they habitually talk about and how they allocate their time and money. Once you know this value or interest pattern it will be quite easy to get people to talk and to be interested in you. When we say people have no interests we usually admit the fact that we have not bothered to find out. At times it is helpful to be a participant observer by joining the activities of the people. This could be a carnival, a religious rite, or some economic activity. Yet the visitor should never forget that he or she is an outsider and will be treated as such. He should view this participation as role playing. Understanding the ways of the people is essential but this does not mean that you have to give up on your own. What happens is that you have developed two patterns of behavior. The source of pain Finally a word on what your fellow countrymen can do to help you get over culture shock. Persons suffering from culture shock feel weak in the face of conditions which appear insufferable and it is natural for them to try to lean heavily on their compatriots. This may be irritating to the long-term resident, but he should be patient, sympathetic, and understanding. Although talking does not remove pain, a great deal is gained by having the source explained. Some of the steps toward a cure have been indicated. With patience and understanding, we can be reasonably sure that time, the great healer, will soon set things right. |
5楼2009-10-30 19:20:03
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【自己整理，另一半歇口气在翻译】 文化冲击和问题所带来的适应新的文化环境 （本文由博士Lalervo奥伯格编辑，人类学，卫生，福利和住房部;美国行动对巴西的访问） 我想提出有关文化冲击几句话，一个弊病是困扰着我们大多数人在一定程度上。我们几乎可以调用的文化冲击是谁突然被移植国外不少人的职业病。 海关，线索，规范 文化冲击是沉淀的焦虑，结果失去所有熟悉的标志和社会交往的象征。这些标志是千方百计在我们东方自己日常生活中的情况：什么时候，什么握手时说，我们开会的人，何时和如何给予提示，如何发号施令公务员，如何使购买时，接受和拒绝邀请时，录取口供时，何时不认真。 这些线索，这可能是语言，手势，面部表情，海关，或规范的收购，我们都在成长的过程中，并作为与其说是我们的文化，我们讲的语言或信仰的一部分，我们接受。我们所有人都依靠我们的和平精神和效率对这些线索数百个，其中大部分是无意识的经验教训。 当一个人进入一个陌生的文化，所有或部分这些熟悉的线索大部分都将被删除。他或她像鱼一样的水了。不管如何胸襟或善意，他可能是一个完整的道具系列已经从他手下淘汰。这是随之而来的沮丧和焦虑的感觉。人们作出反应，沮丧同样的方式。首先，他们拒绝的环境造成的不适：“东道国的方法不好，因为它使我们感到糟糕。” 例如美国人谁在一个陌生的土地上聚首一堂，松鸡对东道国及其人民，你可以肯定他们是文化冲击的痛苦。 文化冲击的另一个阶段的倒退。家庭环境突然之间具有了巨大的重要性，一切都变得理性荣耀。所有的困难和问题被遗忘，只有回家乡记住好东西。它通常需要回国途中把一回到现实。 症状 对文化冲击的症状有：过度关注清洁的感觉，什么是新的，奇怪的是“肮脏的。”这可能与饮用水，食物，餐具，床上用品，与管理员或害怕身体接触的公务员，一个无奈的心情，也是对自己的国籍长期依赖居民的愿望，对延误和其他轻微刺激不成比例，其原因挫折，拖延，以至拒绝学习所在国语言，过多的担心受骗，抢劫，或受伤;有轻微疼痛和皮肤irruptions极大关注，最后，那个可怕的渴望可回到家里，将在熟悉的环境，访问自己的亲人，一般来说，交谈的人谁真正“有意义。” 个体差异很大的程度，其中影响到他们的文化冲击。虽然不常见，有个别谁不能生活在外国。谁看到这些人经过了文化冲击的严重情况，并到一个满意的调整可以看出在这个过程中的步骤。 蜜月阶段 在大多数人是新着迷的头几个星期。他们住在酒店和准与国民谁讲自己的语言和礼貌和亲切的外国人。蜜月阶段，这可能会持续由数天或数星期至6个月不同的情况。如果你是一个非常重要的人，他或她将被带到显示的地方，万般宠爱，并在接受记者采访时的发言，畅谈发展，善意和国际友好。如果他回国可能会写一部关于他愉快的经验，如果本书在国外肤浅。 不过这“库克巡回赛”的心态类型通常不上，如果外国游客仍然在国外，并认真面对人生的真实情况。只有这样，第二阶段的开始，由一个对东道国的敌对和侵略态度的特点。这种敌意出明显增长的真正困难，在调整过程中的使用经验。还有女佣麻烦，学校麻烦，语言问题，房子问题，交通问题，购物的麻烦，而事实上，在东道国人民，主要是漠不关心，所有这些麻烦。他们帮助，但他们只是不明白你对这些困难的高度关注。因此，他们必须敏感和缺乏同情心的你和你的忧虑。结果，“我只是不喜欢他们。”你变得有攻击性，你带同你的同胞和批评东道国，它的方法和它的人民。 这种批评不是一个客观的评价，但一个贬1。而不是试图创造条件考虑，因为他们通过对实际情况的分析和诚实而创造了他们的历史条件下，你所谈论的那样的困难，你的经验，或多或少由东道国人民为您的特殊不适。你要在你的同胞公司的庇护，这鸡尾酒电路变成了情绪激动的标签源头的定型知道。这是一种特殊的速记漫画东道国的国家和人民的消极态度。 刻板印象 “美元，美国抓”和“懒惰拉美”的刻板印象是温和的表格样本。使用的定型膏，可能与一种文化冲击的严重情况下，自我的人，但肯定不会导致任何东道国及其人民真正的了解。这种文化冲击的第二阶段是在某种意义上是在疾病的危机。如果你克服它，你留下来，如果没有，你离开之前到达了精神崩溃的阶段。 文化冲击是游客减少取得一些成功的语言知识，并开始找自己周围。这是他的调整，开始新的文化环境。访问者仍然困难，但他要等到“这是我的十字架，我必须忍受了”的态度。通常在这个阶段的游客是持所在国人民的卓越的态度。他的幽默感开始发挥本身。而不是批评他让关心群众，甚至出现裂缝他或她自己的困难，笑话笑话。他或她现在正在恢复。而且还有一个可怜的家伙谁是比自己差人可以帮助，从而使您能够在您的发言，并避开信心。 |
6楼2009-10-31 10:55:17