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FOOD PACKAGING TECHNOLOGY

Edited by
RICHARD COLES
Consultant in Food Packaging, London
DEREK MCDOWELL
Head of Supply and Packaging Division
Loughry College, Northern Ireland
and
MARK J. KIRWAN
Consultant in Packaging Technology
London

Contents
Contributors xv
Preface xvii
1    Introduction 1   RICHARD COLES
1.1    Introduction
1.2    Packaging developments ¨C an historical perspective 2
1.3    Food supply and the protective role of packaging 4
1.4    The value of packaging to society 7
1.5    Definitions and basic functions of packaging 8
1.6    Packaging strategy 9
1.7    Packaging design and development 9
1.7.1   The packaging design and development framework 12
1.7.1.1   Product needs 13
1.7.1.2   Distribution needs and wants of packaging 13
1.7.1.3   Packaging materials, machinery and production processes 16
1.7.1.4   Consumer needs and wants of packaging 18
1.7.1.5   Multiple food retail market needs and wants 22
1.7.1.6   Environmental performance of packaging 26
1.7.2   Packaging specifications and standards 28
1.8    Conclusion 29
Literature reviewed and sources of information 29
2    Food biodeterioration and methods of preservation 32  GARY S. TUCKER
2.1    Introduction 32
2.2    Agents of food biodeterioration 33
2.2.1   Enzymes 33
2.2.2   Microorganisms 34
2.2.2.1   Bacteria 35
2.2.2.2   Fungi 38
2.2.3   Non-enzymic biodeterioration 40
2.3    Food preservation methods 41
2.3.1   High temperature 41
2.3.1.1   Blanching 42
2.3.1.2   Thermal processing 42
2.3.1.3   Continuous thermal processing (aseptic) 47
2.3.1.4   Pasteurisation 51
2.3.2   Low temperature 52
2.3.2.1   Freezing 52
2.3.2.2   Chilling and cooling 53
2.3.3   Drying and water activity control 54
2.3.4   Chemical preservation 56
2.3.4.1   Curing 57
2.3.4.2   Pickling 58
2.3.4.3   Smoking 58
2.3.5   Fermentation 59
2.3.6   Modifying the atmosphere 60
2.3.7   Other techniques and developments  61
2.3.7.1   High pressure processing  61
2.3.7.2   Ohmic heating  62
2.3.7.3   Irradiation  62
2.3.7.4   Membrane processing  62
2.3.7.5   Microwave processing  63
3    Packaged product quality and shelf life 65  
3.1    Introduction  65
3.2    Factors affecting product quality and shelf life  68
3.3    Chemical/biochemical processes  69
3.3.1   Oxidation  70
3.3.2   Enzyme activity  73
3.4    Microbiological processes  74
3.4.1   Examples where packaging is key to maintaining
microbiological shelf life 75
3.5    Physical and physico-chemical processes  77
3.5.1   Physical damage  77
3.5.2   Insect damage  78
3.5.3   Moisture changes  78
3.5.4   Barrier to odour pick-up  81
3.5.5   Flavour scalping  81
3.6    Migration from packaging to foods  81
3.6.1   Migration from plastic packaging  83
3.6.2   Migration from other packaging materials  86
3.6.3   Factors affecting migration from food contact materials  88
3.6.4   Packaging selection to avoid migration and packaging taints  89
3.6.5   Methods for monitoring migration  89
3.7    Conclusion  91
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