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[资源] Thermal Energy Storage Systems And Applications

1 General Introductory Aspects for Thermal Engineering 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Systems of Units 2
1.3 Fundamental Properties and Quantities 2
1.3.1 Mass, Time, Length, and Force 2
1.3.2 Pressure 2
1.3.3 Temperature 4
1.3.4 Specific Volume and Density 6
1.3.5 Mass and Volumetric Flow Rates 6
1.4 General Aspects of Thermodynamics 7
1.4.1 Thermodynamic Systems 7
1.4.2 Process 7
1.4.3 Cycle 7
1.4.4 Thermodynamic Property 7
1.4.5 Sensible and Latent Heats 7
1.4.6 Latent Heat of Fusion 8
1.4.7 Vapor 8
1.4.8 Thermodynamic Tables 8
1.4.9 State and Change of State 9
1.4.10 Specific Internal Energy 10
1.4.11 Specific Enthalpy 10
1.4.12 Specific Entropy 11
1.4.13 Pure Substance 11
1.4.14 Ideal Gases 11
1.4.15 Energy Transfer 15
1.4.16 Heat 16
1.4.17 Work 16
1.4.18 The First Law of Thermodynamics 17
1.4.19 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 17
1.4.20 Reversibility and Irreversibility 18
1.4.21 Exergy 18
1.5 General Aspects of Fluid Flow 20
1.5.1 Classification of Fluid Flows 20
1.5.2 Viscosity 22
viii Contents
1.5.3 Equations of Flow 23
1.5.4 Boundary Layer 29
1.6 General Aspects of Heat Transfer 32
1.6.1 Conduction Heat Transfer 33
1.6.2 Convection Heat Transfer 34
1.6.3 Radiation Heat Transfer 36
1.6.4 Thermal Resistance 37
1.6.5 The Composite Wall 38
1.6.6 The Cylinder 38
1.6.7 The Sphere 39
1.6.8 Conduction with Heat Generation 40
1.6.9 Natural Convection 42
1.6.10 Forced Convection 43
1.7 Concluding Remarks 45
2 Energy Storage Systems 51
2.1 Introduction 51
2.2 Energy Demand 52
2.3 Energy Storage 53
2.4 Energy Storage Methods 54
2.4.1 Mechanical Energy Storage 54
2.4.2 Chemical Energy Storage 62
2.4.3 Biological Storage 75
2.4.4 Magnetic Storage 75
2.4.5 Thermal Energy Storage (TES) 76
2.5 Hydrogen for Energy Storage 77
2.5.1 Storage Characteristics of Hydrogen 77
2.5.2 Hydrogen Storage Technologies 77
2.5.3 Hydrogen Production 78
2.6 Comparison of ES Technologies 80
2.7 Concluding Remarks 80
3 Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Methods 83
3.1 Introduction 83
3.2 Thermal Energy 84
3.3 Thermal Energy Storage 85
3.3.1 Basic Principle of TES 86
3.3.2 Benefits of TES 89
3.3.3 Criteria for TES Evaluation 90
3.3.4 TES Market Considerations 96
3.3.5 TES Heating and Cooling Applications 99
3.3.6 TES Operating Characteristics 103
3.3.7 ASHRAE TES Standards 104
3.4 Solar Energy and TES 104
3.4.1 TES Challenges for Solar Applications 105
3.4.2 TES Types and Solar Energy Systems 105
3.4.3 Storage Durations and Solar Applications 106
3.4.4 Building Applications of TES and Solar Energy 107
3.4.5 Design Considerations for Solar Energy-Based TES 108
3.5 TES Methods 109
3.6 Sensible TES 109
3.6.1 Thermally Stratified TES Tanks 111
Contents ix
3.6.2 Concrete TES 114
3.6.3 Rock and Water/Rock TES 114
3.6.4 Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES) 118
3.6.5 Solar Ponds 124
3.6.6 Evacuated Solar Collector TES 125
3.7 Latent TES 127
3.7.1 Operational Aspects of Latent TES 128
3.7.2 Phase Change Materials (PCMs) 129
3.8 Cold Thermal Energy Storage (CTES) 142
3.8.1 Working Principle 142
3.8.2 Operational Loading of CTES 143
3.8.3 Design Considerations 144
3.8.4 CTES Sizing Strategies 146
3.8.5 Load Control and Monitoring in CTES 147
3.8.6 CTES Storage Media Selection and Characteristics 148
3.8.7 Storage Tank Types for CTES 152
3.8.8 Chilled-Water CTES 153
3.8.9 Ice CTES 158
3.8.10 Ice Forming 174
3.8.11 Ice Thickness Controls 174
3.8.12 Technical and Design Aspects of CTES 178
3.8.13 Selection Aspects of CTES 179
3.8.14 Cold-Air Distribution in CTES 180
3.8.15 Potential Benefits of CTES 183
3.8.16 Electric Utilities and CTES 184
3.9 Seasonal TES 185
3.9.1 Seasonal TES for Heating Capacity 185
3.9.2 Seasonal TES for Cooling Capacity 186
3.9.3 Illustration 186
3.10 Concluding Remarks 187
4 Thermal Energy Storage and Environmental Impact 191
4.1 Introduction 191
4.2 Energy and the Environment 192
4.3 Major Environmental Problems 193
4.3.1 Acid Rain 194
4.3.2 Greenhouse Effect (Global Climate Change) 195
4.3.3 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion 196
4.4 Environmental Impact and TES Systems and Applications 198
4.5 Potential Solutions to Environmental Problems 198
4.5.1 General Solutions 198
4.5.2 TES-Related Solutions 199
4.6 Sustainable Development 199
4.6.1 Conceptual Issues 200
4.6.2 The Brundtland Commission’s Definition 200
4.6.3 Environmental Limits 201
4.6.4 Global, Regional, and Local Sustainability 201
4.6.5 Environmental, Social, and Economic Components of Sustainability 201
4.6.6 Energy and Sustainable Development 202
4.6.7 Environment and Sustainable Development 202
4.6.8 Achieving Sustainable Development in Larger Countries 203
4.6.9 Essential Factors for Sustainable Development 203
x Contents
4.7 Illustrative Examples and Case Studies 204
4.7.1 The South Coast Air Quality Management District (California) 204
4.7.2 Anova Verzekering Co. Building (Amersfoort, The Netherlands) 204
4.7.3 The Trane Company’s Technology Center (La Crosse, WI) 205
4.7.4 The Ministry of Finance Building (Bercy, France) 206
4.7.5 The City of Saarbrucken (Saarbrucken, Germany) 207
4.8 Concluding Remarks 207
5 Thermal Energy Storage and Energy Savings 211
5.1 Introduction 211
5.2 TES and Energy Savings 212
5.2.1 Utilization of Waste or Surplus Energy 213
5.2.2 Reduction of Demand Charges 214
5.2.3 Deferring Equipment Purchases 215
5.3 Additional Energy Savings Considerations for TES 215
5.3.1 Energy for Heating, Refrigeration, and Heat Pump Equipment 215
5.3.2 Storage Size Limitations 216
5.3.3 Thermal Load Profiles 216
5.3.4 Optimization of Conventional Systems 217
5.4 Energy Conservation with TES: Planning and Implementation 217
5.5 Some Limitations on Increased Efficiency 218
5.5.1 Practical and Theoretical Limitations 218
5.5.2 Efficiency Limitations and Exergy 219
5.6 Energy Savings for Cold TES 219
5.6.1 Economic Aspects of TES Systems for Cooling Capacity 221
5.6.2 Energy Savings by Cold TES 221
5.6.3 Case Studies for TES Energy Savings 225
5.7 Concluding Remarks 230
6 Energy and Exergy Analyses of Thermal Energy Storage Systems 233
6.1 Introduction 233
6.2 Theory: Energy and Exergy Analyses 234
6.2.1 Motivation for Energy and Exergy Analyses 235
6.2.2 Conceptual Balance Equations for Mass, Energy, and Entropy 235
6.2.3 Detailed Balance Equations for Mass, Energy, and Entropy 236
6.2.4 Basic Quantities for Exergy Analysis 238
6.2.5 Detailed Exergy Balance 240
6.2.6 The Reference Environment 241
6.2.7 Efficiencies 243
6.2.8 Properties for Energy and Exergy Analyses 244
6.2.9 Implications of Results of Exergy Analyses 245
6.2.10 Steps for Energy and Exergy Analyses 246
6.3 Thermodynamic Considerations in TES Evaluation 246
6.3.1 Determining Important Analysis Quantities 246
6.3.2 Obtaining Appropriate Measures of Efficiency 246
6.3.3 Pinpointing Losses 247
6.3.4 Assessing the Effects of Stratification 248
6.3.5 Accounting for Time Duration of Storage 248
6.3.6 Accounting for Variations in Reference-Environment Temperature 249
6.3.7 Closure 249
Contents xi
6.4 Exergy Evaluation of a Closed TES System 249
6.4.1 Description of the Case Considered 250
6.4.2 Analysis of the Overall Process 251
6.4.3 Analysis of Subprocesses 253
6.4.4 Alternative Formulations of Subprocess Efficiencies 255
6.4.5 Relations between Performance of Subprocesses and Overall Process 256
6.4.6 Example 257
6.4.7 Closure 260
6.5 Appropriate Efficiency Measures for Closed TES Systems 260
6.5.1 TES Model Considered 261
6.5.2 Energy and Exergy Balances 261
6.5.3 Energy and Exergy Efficiencies 262
6.5.4 Overall Efficiencies 262
6.5.5 Charging-Period Efficiencies 263
6.5.6 Storing-Period Efficiencies 263
6.5.7 Discharging-Period Efficiencies 264
6.5.8 Summary of Efficiency Definitions 265
6.5.9 Illustrative Example 266
6.5.10 Closure 267
6.6 Importance of Temperature in Performance Evaluations for Sensible TES Systems 269
6.6.1 Energy, Entropy, and Exergy Balances for the TES System 269
6.6.2 TES System Model Considered 269
6.6.3 Analysis 270
6.6.4 Comparison of Energy and Exergy Efficiencies 271
6.6.5 Illustration 272
6.6.6 Closure 272
6.7 Exergy Analysis of Aquifer TES Systems 272
6.7.1 ATES Model 273
6.7.2 Energy and Exergy Analyses 274
6.7.3 Effect of a Threshold Temperature 277
6.7.4 Case Study 277
6.7.5 Closure 281
6.8 Exergy Analysis of Thermally Stratified Storages 281
6.8.1 General Stratified TES Energy and Exergy Expressions 282
6.8.2 Temperature-Distribution Models and Relevant Expressions 284
6.8.3 Discussion and Comparison of Models 289
6.8.4 Illustrative Example: The Exergy-Based Advantage of Stratification 289
6.8.5 Illustrative Example: Evaluating Stratified TES Energy and Exergy 290
6.8.6 Increasing TES Exergy-Storage Capacity Using Stratification 293
6.8.7 Illustrative Example: Increasing TES Exergy with Stratification 297
6.8.8 Closure 297
6.9 Energy and Exergy Analyses of Cold TES Systems 298
6.9.1 Energy Balances 299
6.9.2 Exergy Balances 301
6.9.3 Energy and Exergy Efficiencies 301
6.9.4 Illustrative Example 302
6.9.5 Case Study: Thermodynamic Performance of a Commercial Ice TES System 304
6.9.6 Closure 309
6.10 Exergy-Based Optimal Discharge Periods for Closed TES Systems 309
6.10.1 Analysis Description and Assumptions 309
xii Contents
6.10.2 Evaluation of Storage-Fluid Temperature During Discharge 310
6.10.3 Discharge Efficiencies 311
6.10.4 Exergy-Based Optimum Discharge Period 312
6.10.5 Illustrative Example 312
6.10.6 Closure 314
6.11 Exergy Analysis of Solar Ponds 314
6.11.1 Experimental Solar Pond 315
6.11.2 Data Acquisition and Analysis 316
6.11.3 Energy and Exergy Assessments 320
6.11.4 Potential Improvements 322
6.12 Concluding Remarks 323
Appendix: Glossary of Selected Exergy-Related Terminology 332
7 Numerical Modeling and Simulation of Thermal Energy Storage Systems 335
7.1 Introduction 335
7.2 Approaches and Methods 336
7.3 Selected Applications 337
7.4 Numerical Modeling, Simulation, and Analysis of Sensible TES Systems 340
7.4.1 Modeling 340
7.4.2 Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow Analysis 343
7.4.3 Simulation 344
7.4.4 Thermodynamic Analysis 347
7.5 Case Studies for Sensible TES Systems 349
7.5.1 Case Study 1: Natural Convection in a Hot Water Storage Tank 349
7.5.2 Case Study 2: Forced Convection in a Stratified Hot Water Tank 355
7.5.3 General Discussion of Sensible TES Case Studies 365
7.6 Numerical Modeling, Simulation, and Analysis of Latent TES Systems 366
7.6.1 Modeling 366
7.6.2 Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow Analysis 366
7.6.3 Simulation 368
7.6.4 Thermodynamic Analysis 368
7.7 Case Studies for Latent TES Systems 369
7.7.1 Case Study 1: Two-Dimensional Study of the Melting Process in an Infinite
Cylindrical Tube 369
7.7.2 Case Study 2: Melting and Solidification of Paraffin in a Spherical Shell
from Forced External Convection 376
7.8 Illustrative Application for a Complex System: Numerical Assessment of Encapsulated
Ice TES with Variable Heat Transfer Coefficients 391
7.8.1 Background 391
7.8.2 System Considered 392
7.8.3 Modeling and Simulation 392
7.8.4 Numerical Determination of Heat Transfer Coefficients for Spherical
Capsules 397
7.8.5 Heat Transfer Coefficients and Correlations 398
7.8.6 Closing Remarks for Illustrative Application for a Complex System 404
7.9 Concluding Remarks 406
8 Thermal Energy Storage Case Studies 413
8.1 Introduction 413
8.2 Ice CTES Case Studies 414
8.2.1 Rohm and Haas, Spring House Research Facility, PA 414
8.2.2 A Cogeneration Facility, California 416
Contents xiii
8.2.3 A Power Generation Plant, Gaseem, Saudi Arabia 421
8.2.4 Channel Island Power Station, Darwin, Australia 427
8.2.5 The Abraj Atta’awuneya Ice CTES Project, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 429
8.2.6 Alitalia’s Headquarters Building, Rome, Italy 431
8.3 Ice-Slurry CTES Case Studies 432
8.3.1 The Stuart C. Siegel Center at Virginia Commonwealth University, VA 432
8.3.2 A Slurry Ice Rapid Cooling System, Boston, UK 435
8.4 Chilled Water CTES Case Studies 436
8.4.1 The Central Chilled Water System at the University of North Carolina, NC 436
8.4.2 Chilled Water CTES in a Trigeneration Project for a World Fair (EXPO’98),
Lisbon, Portugal 438
8.4.3 TES at a Federal Facility, TX 444
8.5 PCM-Based CTES Case Studies 446
8.5.1 Minato Mirai 21, Yokohama 446
8.5.2 Harp Brewery, Dundalk, Ireland 447
8.5.3 Korean Development Bank, Seoul 449
8.5.4 Museum of Sciences and Industry, La Villette, France 450
8.5.5 Rueil Malmaison Central Kitchen, France 451
8.5.6 The Bangsar District Cooling Plant, Malaysia 453
8.5.7 Dairy TES Application Using Eutectic Solutions, Dorset, UK 454
8.6 PCM-Based Latent TES for Heating Case Studies 455
8.6.1 Solar Power Tower in Sandia National Laboratories, NM 455
8.7 Sensible TES Case Studies 457
8.7.1 New TES in Kumamuto, Kyushu 457
8.7.2 The World’s First Passive Annual Heat Storage Home, MT 458
8.8 Other Case Studies 459
8.8.1 Potential for TES in a Hotel in Bali 459
8.8.2 Integrated TES Community System: Drake Landing Solar Community 464
8.8.3 The Borehole TES System at the University of Ontario Institute
of Technology 471
8.9 Concluding Remarks 479
9 Recent Advances in TES Methods, Technologies, and Applications 483
9.1 Introduction 483
9.2 Recent TES Investigations 483
9.3 Developments in TES Types and Performance 486
9.3.1 Developments in PCM/HTF Material Selection 486
9.3.2 Shape 491
9.3.3 Nano- to Macro-Size Storage Media or PCM Particles and Capsules 493
9.3.4 Recent Advances in TES Types and Storage Techniques 497
9.4 Micro- and Macro-Level Advances in TES Systems and Applications 504
9.5 Micro-Level Advances in TES Systems 504
9.5.1 Modeling Methods 504
9.5.2 Contact Melting Driven by Temperature and Pressure Differences 505
9.5.3 Supercooling, Superheating, and Hysteresis 509
9.5.4 Geometry and Performance Optimization 512
9.5.5 Other Micro-Level Phenomena Affecting TES Performance 512
9.5.6 Developments in Stratification Analysis 513
9.6 Macro-Level Advances in TES Systems and Applications 514
9.6.1 Mode of Cooling/Heating: Passive or Active 514
9.6.2 Operating Strategies and Installation Configurations 520
9.6.3 Modeling, Control, Programming, and Optimization Methods 524
xiv Contents
9.6.4 Measurement and Visualization Methods 527
9.6.5 Auxiliaries 529
9.7 Performance Enhancement Techniques 530
9.7.1 Conductivity-Enhancing Techniques 530
9.7.2 Thermal Batteries 530
9.7.3 Other Techniques 534
9.8 Innovative Applications of TES Systems 535
9.9 Advanced Applications of Exergy Methods 542
9.10 Illustrative Examples 545
9.10.1 Use of Effectiveness to Complement TES Energy and Exergy Efficiencies 545
9.10.2 Thermal Battery Ice-Storage System 554
9.10.3 Use of Artificial Neural Networks in TES 560
9.11 Future Outlook for TES 566
Appendix A Conversion Factors 585
Appendix B Thermophysical Properties 587
Appendix C Glossary 593
Index 595

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2015-03-03 10:39 回复

五星好评顶一下，感谢分享！

yu516119楼

2015-03-05 07:00 回复

五星好评顶一下，感谢分享！

dengdjj20楼

2015-03-05 08:43 回复

五星好评顶一下，感谢分享！

zym100322楼

2015-03-05 08:50 回复

五星好评顶一下，感谢分享！

zzgui88823楼

2015-03-05 13:33 回复

五星好评顶一下，感谢分享！

Teletubbies24楼

2015-03-06 12:38 回复

五星好评顶一下，感谢分享！

clinger25楼

2015-03-06 15:04 回复

五星好评顶一下，感谢分享！

文竹325226楼

2015-03-16 15:35 回复

五星好评顶一下，感谢分享！

mechtest27楼

2015-03-18 16:37 回复

顶一下，感谢分享！

wybaish28楼

2015-04-01 14:12 回复

五星好评顶一下，感谢分享！

monse581929楼

2015-04-02 14:35 回复

五星好评顶一下，感谢分享！

seekerliu30楼

2015-04-05 17:32 回复

五星好评

wh157665071031楼

2015-04-21 19:28 回复

五星好评顶一下，感谢分享！

xuh082732楼

2015-04-21 22:09 回复

五星好评顶一下，感谢分享！

xiaofeishen34楼

2015-05-07 00:11 回复

五星好评

依然思无邪35楼

2015-05-19 18:18 回复

五星好评顶一下，感谢分享！

mechtest36楼

2015-05-20 07:32 回复

顶一下，感谢分享！

hyzhangsky37楼

2015-05-21 14:50 回复

五星好评顶一下，感谢分享！

great_jln38楼

2015-05-24 12:04 回复

五星好评顶一下，感谢分享！

guany200839楼

2015-06-04 17:16 回复

五星好评顶一下，感谢分享！

wbfz40楼

2015-06-18 09:13 回复

五星好评顶一下，感谢分享！

wbfz41楼

2015-06-18 09:13 回复

顶

hitjapan1242楼

2015-06-20 21:19 回复

五星好评顶一下，感谢分享！

yangwg455144楼

2015-07-02 12:44 回复

五星好评顶一下，感谢分享！

fbxie45楼

2015-07-02 20:15 回复

五星好评顶一下，感谢分享！

xiyi8246楼

2015-07-05 23:21 回复

五星好评顶一下，感谢分享！

xiyi8247楼

2015-07-22 13:18 回复

顶一下，感谢分享！

pozhu48楼

2015-07-24 15:48 回复

五星好评顶一下，感谢分享！

shaisir49楼

2015-07-26 11:03 回复

五星好评顶一下，感谢分享！

买卖宝50楼

2015-08-04 19:14 回复

五星好评顶一下，感谢分享！

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