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英文专著：功能材料-制备、加工及其应用
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Functional Materials: Preparation, Processing and Applications Author(s): S Banerjee, A.K. Tyagi Series: Elsevier Insights Publisher: Elsevier Year: 2011 Language: English Pages: 730 Functional materials have assumed a very prominent position in several high-tech areas. Such materials are not being classified on the basis of their origin, nature of bonding or processing techniques but are classified on the basis of the functions they can perform. This is a significant departure from the earlier schemes in which materials were described as metals, alloys, ceramics, polymers, glass materials etc. Several new processing techniques have also evolved in the recent past. Because of the diversity of materials and their functions it has become extremely difficult to obtain information from single source. Functional Materials: Preparation, Processing and Applications provides a comprehensive review of the latest developments. Serves as a ready reference for Chemistry, Physics and Materials Science researchers by covering a wide range of functional materials in one bookAids in the design of new materials by emphasizing structure or microstructure - property correlationCovers the processing of functional materials in detail, which helps in conceptualizing the applications of them Table of contents : Copyright......Page 1 About the Editors......Page 2 Functional Materials Preparation, Processing and Applications......Page 5 Contributors......Page 6 4.1 Introduction......Page 9 4.2 Origin of Ferro- and Antiferromagnetism......Page 14 4.3 Origin of Ferroelectricity......Page 16 4.4 Mutually Exclusive Reason for Multiferroicity......Page 20 4.5 Types of Multiferroic Material......Page 21 4.7 Examples......Page 22 4.7.1 Perovskite-Type Materials......Page 24 4.7.2 Composites of Perovskites......Page 27 BiMnO3......Page 29 BiFeO3......Page 32 4.8 Applications......Page 37 References......Page 39 3.1 Introduction......Page 46 3.2.1 Fundamentals of Magnetic Cooling and Heating......Page 48 3.2.3 Relative Cooling Power......Page 50 3.2.4 Magnetocaloric Materials......Page 51 3.2.5 Challenges in Using GMCE Materials in Magnetic Refrigerators......Page 53 3.3.2 Organic–Inorganic Molecular Magnets......Page 54 3.3.3 Inorganic Molecular Magnets......Page 55 3.3.6 Controlling the Magnetic Hardness by Co Substitution in the 䌀?N砀一椀ㄢሀ砀1.5[Fe䌀一6]·zH2O 砀㴀 Ⰰ ⸀㈀㔀Ⰰ ⸀㔀Ⰰ ⸀㜀㔀 愀渀搀 PBAs......Page 56 3.3.7 Implications of the Magnetic Pole Reversal Phenomenon in the Cu0.73Mn0.77[Fe䌀一6]·zH2O Molecular Magnetic Compound......Page 59 3.3.8 Thickness- and Stoichiometry-Dependent Magnetic Properties of Electrochemically Prepared Crystalline Thin Films of PBAs KjFeII k[CrIIICN6]l .mH2O......Page 62 3.4.1 Spintronics Materials......Page 65 3.4.2 Nanoparticles for High-Density Magnetic Recording......Page 67 3.4.3 Possible Application in Radionuclide Separation......Page 70 3.4.4 Scope in Biomedical Science......Page 72 3.5 CMR Manganites......Page 77 3.5.1 Study of Ionic Size Effect in Dy-Substituted La0.7Ca0.3MnO3 CMR Perovskite......Page 78 3.6 Summary and Conclusion......Page 85 References......Page 86 1.1.1 Introduction......Page 90 1.1.2 Soft Matter: A Viscoelastic Fluid......Page 91 1.1.3 Shear Modulus and the Energy Density......Page 93 1.2.1 Charge–Charge Interaction......Page 95 1.2.3 Dipole–Dipole Interactions......Page 96 1.2.5 Dipole-Induced Dipole Interaction......Page 97 1.2.8 Hydrophobic Interactions......Page 98 1.2.9 Depletion Interactions......Page 99 1.3.1 Interactions Between Colloidal Particles......Page 100 Electrostatic Forces Between Surfaces......Page 101 1.3.2 DLVO Theory of Colloid Stability......Page 102 1.4.1 Surface Tension and Surface Activity......Page 103 1.4.2 Surfactant Aggregation and Hydrophobic Effect......Page 105 1.4.3 Thermodynamics of Micelle Formation......Page 106 1.4.4 Dynamics of Micelle Formation......Page 107 1.4.5 Phase Behaviour of Surfactants......Page 108 1.4.6 Packing Parameter and Bending Rigidity......Page 109 1.5.1 Introduction......Page 111 1.5.2 Conformations of Polymer Chains......Page 112 1.5.3 Size of a Freely Jointed Chain......Page 113 1.5.4 Size of an Ideal Chain with Fixed Bond Angle......Page 114 1.5.6 Polymer Gels......Page 115 Classical Theory or Flory–Stockmayer Model......Page 116 Percolation Theory......Page 117 1.5.8 Polyelectrolytes and Counterion Condensation......Page 118 Counterion condensation......Page 119 1.6 Experimental Techniques in Soft Matter......Page 121 Static Light Scattering......Page 122 Dynamic Light Scattering......Page 125 Contrast Factor......Page 128 Guinier Approximation......Page 129 Determination of Interparticle Structure Factor......Page 130 Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering......Page 131 Cryo-Transmission Electron Microscope......Page 132 1.6.3 Rheology......Page 133 1.7 Applications of Soft Matter......Page 135 1.7.1 Stimuli Responsive Materials......Page 136 1.7.2 Soft Materials in Drug Delivery......Page 138 1.7.3 Nanotechnology Using Soft Materials......Page 141 1.7.4 Oil Field Applications......Page 142 References......Page 143 6 Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles: Concepts, Synthesis and Application in Cancer Hyperthermia......Page 149 6.1 Introduction......Page 151 Other Deposition Methods......Page 155 Sonication......Page 156 Metallic Magnetic Nanoparticles......Page 157 FePd Nanoparticles......Page 158 6.3.1 Size and Crystallinity of Nanoparticles......Page 159 XRD......Page 160 TEM......Page 161 6.3.3 Magnetic Behaviour......Page 164 6.3.4 Induction Heating......Page 165 6.4.2 Co Nanoparticles......Page 168 6.4.4 CoNi Particles......Page 169 6.4.6 Fe3O4 Particles......Page 170 6.5.1 Fe3O4 Magnetic Nanoparticles Capped with OA and PEG 匀攀�?椀挀?N渀搀甀挀琀?N爀⼀䤀渀猀甀氀愀琀?N爀 䴀愀最渀攀琀椀挀......Page 171 6.5.3 Ag, Pt, Au, Ti, Al Particles 䴀攀琀愀氀氀椀挀 一?N渀ⴀ䴀愀最渀攀琀椀挀......Page 172 6.6 Therapeutic Efficacy of Magnetic Nanoparticles in Human Cancer Cells......Page 173 Acknowledgements......Page 176 References......Page 177 5.1 Introduction......Page 181 5.2 Ferromagnetic Semiconductors or Dilute Magnetic Semiconductors......Page 182 5.3 Spintronics......Page 183 5.3.1 Physics Aspects......Page 184 5.4.1 䜀愀Ⰰ䴀渀As......Page 186 5.4.2 䜀愀Ⰰ䴀渀N......Page 187 5.5.1 TiO2-Based DMS......Page 188 5.5.3 Co-doped ZnO......Page 190 5.5.4 Mn-Doped ZnO......Page 192 5.6.3 Gel-Combustion......Page 194 5.6.6 Ink Formulation and Piezoelectric Drop on Demand 䐀?�䐀 Inkjet Printing......Page 195 5.8.2 Nanoparticles of Co-Based ZnO System......Page 196 5.8.3 Mn-Based ZnO Nanostructure......Page 197 5.8.4 Mn-Based ZnO Films by PLD......Page 198 5.8.5 Mn- or Co-Doped ZnO Film and Patterns Developed by Inkjet Printing......Page 199 5.9.1 Co-Doped ZnO with Li Co-Doping......Page 202 5.9.2 Ni-Doped ZnO with Li Co-Doping......Page 205 5.9.3 Fe-Doped In2O3 Nanoparticles......Page 206 5.10.1 GMR/Spin Valve......Page 208 5.10.2 MTJs and MRAM......Page 209 5.10.3 Spin-FET......Page 210 References......Page 211 2.1 Introduction......Page 217 2.2 Synthesis of Conducting Polymers......Page 219 2.2.1 Synthesis of Bulk and Fibre Polyindole......Page 220 2.2.2 Synthesis of Crystalline Polyaniline......Page 225 2.2.3 Films of Conducting Polymers......Page 228 2.3.1 Configuration of Chemiresistor Sensors......Page 229 2.3.2 Polycarbazole Langmuir–Blodgett Film-Based Sensors......Page 231 2.3.3 Polyaniline Nanofibre Sensors......Page 234 2.3.4 Composite Poly㌀ⴀ栀攀砀礀氀琀栀椀?N瀀栀攀渀攀:ZnO-Nanowire-Based NO2 Sensors......Page 237 2.3.5 Composite Polypyrrole:ZnO-Nanowire-Based Chlorine Sensor......Page 242 2.4 Electrochemical Actuators......Page 247 2.4.2 PPy-DBS/Au Free-standing Film as Actuator......Page 248 2.5 Conducting Polymer FETs......Page 250 2.5.1 Fabrication of Top-Contact FET......Page 252 2.5.2 Characteristics of P3HT Active Layer......Page 253 2.5.3 Transistor Characteristics of P3HT Active Layer......Page 255 2.6 Summary......Page 257 References......Page 258 10.1 Introduction......Page 267 10.2 Types of Fuel Material......Page 270 10.2.1 Fuel Designs......Page 274 10.2.2 Metallic Fuels......Page 276 Oxide Fuels......Page 277 Carbides and Nitrides......Page 278 10.2.5 Fuels for Organic Cooled Reactors......Page 279 10.2.7 Fuel for High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors......Page 280 10.2.8 Hydride Fuel with a Liquid–Metal Bond......Page 282 10.2.10 Transmutation Fuels......Page 283 U–O System......Page 284 U–Pu–O System......Page 285 Advanced Fuels......Page 287 U–C System......Page 288 U–Pu–C System......Page 289 U–Zr System......Page 290 U–Pu System......Page 291 10.3.2 Defect Structure in Non-Stoichiometric Oxides......Page 292 10.3.3 Oxygen Potential......Page 293 10.4.1 Fission Gases......Page 295 10.4.4 Knock Out Mechanism......Page 298 10.4.5 Thermal Mechanism......Page 299 10.4.6 FGR from MOX Fuels......Page 301 10.4.8 Fast-Reactor Metal Fuels......Page 302 10.4.9 Advanced Fuels......Page 303 Gas Accumulation in Grain Boundary Bubbles......Page 304 Breakway Gas Release Due to Bubble Interconnection......Page 305 Sweeping of Gas Bubbles by Grain Boundaries......Page 306 10.5 Vapourisation of the Fuel......Page 307 10.5.1 Actinide Distribution......Page 308 10.5.2 Oxide Distribution......Page 309 10.6.1 Nucleation of Fission Gas Bubbles......Page 311 10.6.2 Growth of Stationary Bubbles......Page 312 10.6.3 Migration Mechanisms......Page 313 Trapping......Page 314 10.6.5 Resolution......Page 315 10.7.1 Physical State of FPs......Page 316 10.7.2 Chemical State of FPs......Page 317 10.7.3 Fission Product Migration......Page 318 10.7.4 Fuel–Clad Interactions......Page 319 10.8.1 Pore Migration by Vapour Transport Mechanism......Page 321 10.8.2 Porosity Distribution......Page 322 References......Page 342 11.2 Origin of Modulus......Page 347 11.2.1 Melting Temperature–Bond Energy Relation......Page 349 11.2.2 Elastic Modulus–Bond Energy Relation......Page 350 11.3.2 Strength–Ductility Relation......Page 352 11.3.3 Limits of Strength......Page 353 11.3.4 Conventional Methods to Achieve High Strength......Page 354 Strain Hardening......Page 355 Solid–Solution Strengthening......Page 356 Precipitate and Dispersion Strengthening......Page 357 Strengthening by Phase Transformation......Page 358 11.3.5 Toughness......Page 359 11.4 Ultra-strength......Page 362 Refining Grain Size......Page 364 Nanotwins......Page 366 Bainitic Ferrite Steels......Page 369 Ultra-strong Aluminium Alloys......Page 370 Nanopillars......Page 371 Carbon Nanotubes......Page 372 Nanocomposites......Page 373 Intermetallic Compounds......Page 375 Bulk Metallic Glasses......Page 377 Low-Modulus, High-Strength Dislocation-Free Alloy......Page 379 11.5 Summary......Page 381 References......Page 383 7.1 Background......Page 386 7.2 Niobium Titanium 一戀吀椀......Page 390 7.3 A15 Superconductors and Nb3Sn......Page 392 7.4 Chevrel-Phase Superconductors......Page 394 7.5 High-Tc Superconductors......Page 395 7.5.1 BiSrCaCuO or BSCCO......Page 397 7.5.2 YBCO Coated Conductors......Page 398 7.6 MgB2......Page 399 7.7 Borocarbides......Page 402 7.8 Iron Arsenide Superconductors......Page 403 7.9 Conclusions......Page 404 References......Page 405 12.1 Introduction......Page 410 12.2 Materials Resistant to Uniform Corrosion......Page 414 12.2.1 Additional Requirements from Corrosion-Resistant Materials......Page 415 Alloying Additions to Resist Pitting Corrosion......Page 416 Resistance to Pitting in Acids......Page 419 Resistance to Crevice Corrosion......Page 420 Other Non-Ferrous Alloys......Page 421 12.3.2 Materials Resistant to Selective Leaching......Page 423 Austenitic Stainless Steels......Page 424 Ferritic Stainless Steels......Page 426 Nickel-Based Alloys......Page 427 Grain Boundary Engineering......Page 428 Non-Ferrous Alloys......Page 429 Austenitic Stainless Steels......Page 430 Grain Boundary Engineering......Page 432 12.3.5 Materials Resistant to Hydrogen Damage......Page 433 12.3.6 Materials Resistant to FAC......Page 435 12.3.7 Materials Resistant to Erosion Corrosion......Page 437 12.3.8 Materials Resistant to Oxidation Corrosion......Page 439 High-Temperature Corrosion......Page 442 References......Page 444 17.1 Introduction......Page 451 17.2 Fullerene......Page 452 17.2.2 Mechanism of Fullerene Formation......Page 453 17.2.4 Applications......Page 454 17.3.1 Different Types of CNT......Page 455 17.3.3 Synthesis......Page 457 Chemical Vapour Deposition......Page 458 17.3.4 Mechanism of CNT Deposition......Page 459 17.3.6 Application......Page 460 17.4 Graphene: The Slimmest Carbon......Page 462 Microscopy......Page 466 Spectroscopy......Page 467 Diffraction Technique......Page 468 17.5 Nano-Diamond......Page 469 17.6 Carbon Nanofoam......Page 470 17.7.1 Amorphous Carbon for Nuclear Applications......Page 471 17.7.2 Thin Films of Amorphous Carbon......Page 472 CVD of Diamond-Like Amorphous Carbon Films......Page 473 Electro-Deposition of Diamond-Like Amorphous Carbon Films......Page 474 Electro-Deposition of Nitrogenated Amorphous Carbon Films......Page 475 References......Page 476 13.1.2 Membrane Separations......Page 483 13.1.3 Solid Membranes......Page 484 13.2.1 Synthesis......Page 487 13.2.2 Models of Morphology......Page 488 Diffraction Studies......Page 491 Microscopic Studies......Page 494 13.3.1 Mechanical Properties......Page 495 13.3.2 Sorption Properties......Page 496 13.3.3 Ion-Exchange Properties......Page 499 13.4.1 Applications in the Chlor-Alkali Industries......Page 501 13.4.2 Fuel Cell Applications......Page 502 Methanolic Fuel Cells......Page 504 13.4.3 Catalytic Applications......Page 505 13.5 Conclusions......Page 506 References......Page 507 14.1.1 Background......Page 512 14.2 Basis of Photocatalytic Water Splitting......Page 514 14.2.1 Principle of Photocatalytic Water Splitting......Page 515 14.2.2 Scheme of Photocatalytic Water Splitting Reaction......Page 516 14.2.3 Stoichiometry of H2 and O2 Evolution......Page 517 14.2.5 Effect of Crystallinity and Surface Area on Photocatalytic Activity......Page 518 14.3.1 Experimental Setup......Page 519 14.3.3 Quantum Yield......Page 521 14.4 Some Heterogeneous Photocatalyst Materials Used for Water Splitting......Page 522 14.4.1 Oxide Photocatalyst Consisting of d0 Metal Cation......Page 523 14.4.2 Oxide photocatalyst consisting of d10 metal cations......Page 525 14.4.3 Photocatalytic Activities of Ternary In2TiO5 Nanoparticles......Page 526 Band-Gap Estimation......Page 527 Effect of A/B-Site Substitution on Photoactivity of Indium Titanates......Page 530 B-Site Substitution: In2Ti1−xFexO5−δ......Page 532 References......Page 535 15.1 Introduction......Page 540 What are Reversible Hydrides?......Page 542 Hydrogen Storage in Intermetallic Compounds......Page 543 Mechanism of Hydrogen Absorption in Metals......Page 544 Pressure–Composition–Temperature 倠ጀ䌠ጀ吀 Isotherm......Page 545 Hysteresis......Page 547 15.1.3 Light-Metal-Based Hydrides......Page 548 15.1.4 Chemical Hydrides 䌀?N�?瀀氀攀砀 䠀礀搀爀椀搀攀猀......Page 549 15.1.5 Hydrogen Adsorption in Nanostructured Materials......Page 550 15.2.1 Alloy Preparation......Page 551 15.2.4 Electrochemical Charging......Page 552 15.2.5 Activation Process......Page 553 15.3.1 Effect of Hydrogen Absorption on the Structure of CeNiAl......Page 554 15.3.2 Hydrogen-Induced Amorphization......Page 556 15.3.3 Structure and Magnetic Properties of UPdIn Deuteride......Page 557 15.3.4 Hydrogen Absorption Properties of Ti–V–Fe-Based Systems......Page 559 15.4 Applications......Page 562 15.4.2 Discharge......Page 563 References......Page 565 8.2 Origin of Different Types of Optical Material and their Applications......Page 571 8.3.1 Refractive Index 渀......Page 573 8.3.4 Intensity of Light......Page 574 8.4 Optical Properties of Metals......Page 575 8.5.1 Luminescent Lead Silicate Glasses Containing Alkali Oxides......Page 577 8.5.2 Optical Properties of ZnO–P2O5 Glasses......Page 581 8.5.3 Optical Properties of Lanthanide-Ion-Doped Glasses......Page 583 8.6.1 Metal Nanoparticles......Page 586 8.6.2 Host Emissions from Nanomaterials......Page 588 8.6.3 Luminescence from ZnGa2O4 Nanoparticles......Page 589 8.6.4 Luminescence from Sb2O3 Nanorods......Page 590 8.6.5 Optical Properties of Lanthanide-Ion-Doped Nanomaterials......Page 591 8.7 Nonlinear Optical Materials......Page 596 8.7.1 Z-Scan Technique......Page 597 8.7.2 Evaluation of n2 Values......Page 598 8.7.3 Evaluation of β Values......Page 599 8.7.4.4 Optical Parametric Amplification ?珎t䄀......Page 600 8.7.5 Glasses as Nonlinear Optical Materials......Page 601 Nonlinear Susceptibilities......Page 602 8.8 Organic Optical Materials......Page 603 8.9 Photonic Band-Gap Materials......Page 604 References......Page 606 9.1 Introduction......Page 609 9.2 Glasses......Page 610 9.2.1 The Glass Transition......Page 611 9.2.2 Time–Temperature Transformation Diagram......Page 613 9.2.3 Nucleation and Growth of Crystals in Under-Cooled Melt of Bulk Glass-Forming Alloys......Page 614 9.3 Glass-Ceramics......Page 617 9.4.1 Techniques......Page 619 Melt Quenching......Page 620 Sputtering......Page 621 Sol–Gel Method......Page 622 Radiation Bombardment......Page 623 9.5.2 Differential Thermal Analysis......Page 624 9.5.3 Differential Scanning Calorimetry......Page 626 9.5.4 Thermo-Mechanical Analysis 吀䴀䄀......Page 627 9.6.1 Microhardness......Page 628 9.7 Wetting Property......Page 630 9.7.2 X-Ray Diffraction......Page 635 9.7.3 Optical Transmission......Page 637 9.7.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 䘀吀䤀刀......Page 638 9.7.5 Raman Spectroscopy......Page 640 9.7.6 Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy......Page 641 Cross Polarization 䌀倀 NMR......Page 642 9.7.7 Scanning Electron Microscopy......Page 643 9.8 Some Useful Properties......Page 644 9.10.1 Optical Fibres......Page 646 9.10.3 Optical Components......Page 647 9.10.4 Host for Laser Emitters......Page 649 9.10.7 Sealants......Page 650 9.10.8 Biomedical Uses......Page 654 9.10.9 Matrices to Contain Radioactive Waste......Page 658 9.10.10 Bulk Metallic Glasses......Page 659 9.10.11 Thermal Stability of Zr-Based Metallic Glass......Page 660 References......Page 662 16.1 Introduction......Page 673 16.2.1 Materials for Ceramic Fuel Cells......Page 678 Synthesis of Ceramic Fuel Cell Components......Page 680 Processing of Materials for Ceramic Fuel Cells......Page 685 Synthesis of Materials for Li-Ion Batteries......Page 688 Processing of Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries......Page 690 16.2.3 Materials for Sensors......Page 691 Synthesis of Sensor Materials......Page 692 Processing of Materials for Sensor Applications......Page 693 Electrical Conductivity of Cathode Materials......Page 694 Electrochemical Characterization of Electrolytes......Page 697 Electrical Conductivity and Microstructure of Anodes......Page 700 16.3.2 Electrochemical Characterization of Materials for Batteries......Page 702 16.4.1 Fuel Cells......Page 703 16.4.3 Sensors......Page 704 References......Page 705 Preface......Page 709 |
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