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jdklgjldg木虫 (正式写手)
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２００７年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖
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| 瑞典卡罗林斯卡医学院８日宣布，２００７年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予来自美国的马里奥·卡佩奇、奥利弗·史密斯和来自英国的马丁·伊文思因胚胎干细胞研究获该奖项。 |
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greatsun
木虫 (正式写手)
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2楼2007-10-08 20:37:33
msd2phd
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The 2007 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine is awarded to Drs Mario R. Capecchi, Martin J. Evans and Oliver Smithies for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells. Their work has made it possible to modify specific genes in the germline of mammals and to raise offspring that carry and express the modified gene. The toolbox of experimental genetic methods developed by Capecchi, Evans and Smithies, commonly called the knockout technology, has permitted scientists to determine the role of specific genes in development, physiology, and pathology. It has revolutionized life science and plays a key role in the development of medical therapy. The discoveries Martin Evans identified and isolated the embryonic stem cell of the early embryo, the cell from which all cells of the adult organism are derived. He established it in cell culture, modified it genetically, and reintroduced it into foster mothers in order to generate a genetically modified offspring. Mario Capecchi and Oliver Smithies, independently of each other, discovered how homologous recombination between segments of DNA molecules can be used to target genes in the mammalian genome and developed methods to generate genetically modified mice. Such animals have become indispensable in medical research. Furthermore, the knowledge concerning stem cell biology and gene technology obtained during the research that led to the "knockout mouse" has changed our understanding of normal development and disease processes and identified new avenues for medical therapy. Fig. 1 shows the general strategy for gene targeting in mice. |
3楼2007-10-08 20:54:06
msd2phd
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The 2007 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine is awarded to Drs Mario R. Capecchi, Martin J. Evans and Oliver Smithies for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells. Their work has made it possible to modify specific genes in the germline of mammals and to raise offspring that carry and express the modified gene. The toolbox of experimental genetic methods developed by Capecchi, Evans and Smithies, commonly called the knockout technology, has permitted scientists to determine the role of specific genes in development, physiology, and pathology. It has revolutionized life science and plays a key role in the development of medical therapy. The discoveries Martin Evans identified and isolated the embryonic stem cell of the early embryo, the cell from which all cells of the adult organism are derived. He established it in cell culture, modified it genetically, and reintroduced it into foster mothers in order to generate a genetically modified offspring. Mario Capecchi and Oliver Smithies, independently of each other, discovered how homologous recombination between segments of DNA molecules can be used to target genes in the mammalian genome and developed methods to generate genetically modified mice. Such animals have become indispensable in medical research. Furthermore, the knowledge concerning stem cell biology and gene technology obtained during the research that led to the "knockout mouse" has changed our understanding of normal development and disease processes and identified new avenues for medical therapy. Fig. 1 shows the general strategy for gene targeting in mice. Mario R. Capecchi 1/3 of the prize USA University of Utah; Howard Hughes Medical Institute Salt Lake City, UT, USA b. 1937 (in Italy) Mario Capecchi is interested in the molecular genetic analysis of mammalian development, with emphasis on neurogenesis, organogenesis, patterning of the vertebral column, and limb development. He also contributes to the modeling of human disease in the mouse, from cancer to neuropsychiatric disorders. Capecchi is credited with developing a powerful technology known as gene targeting. This technology has allowed scientists to engineer mice with conditions such as cancer, heart disease, Alzheimer's disease, cystic fibrosis, and high blood pressure—a feat that has revolutionized the study of human disease. Sir Martin J. Evans 1/3 of the prize United Kingdom Cardiff University Cardiff, United Kingdom b. 1941 "These studies showed the close relationship between these "EC" cells and normal mouse embryos but it was not until 1981 after my return to Cambridge that together with Matt Kaufman he was able to isolate similar cells from normal mouse embryos. Subsequently we rapidly demonstrated, together with my student and post-doc Liz Robertson and student Allan Bradley, that these cells which became known as "Embryonic Stem Cells" (ES cells) were able to be used to fully regenerate fertile breeding mice from the tissue culture cells and that these could therefore carry mutations introduced and selected or screened for in culture. This is now the basis of all the mouse knockout and targetted genetic manipulation" Oliver Smithies 1/3 of the prize USA University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC, USA b. 1925 (in United Kingdom) Work in my laboratory over the past 10 years has focused on developing animal models of human genetic diseases. Homologous recombination (gene targeting) is used to alter a chosen gene in a pre-planned manner in mouse embryonic stem cells (ES cells) while they are in tissue culture. The genetically altered ES cells are then injected into normal mouse blastocysts which are introduced into pseudo-pregnant mice to complete their development. Chimeric mice are born which transmit the altered gene to their offspring. By the use of this procedure, they have made mouse models of cystic fibrosis (one of the most frequent single gene defects in Caucasians) and of Éø-thalassemia and & Eacute;¿-thalassemia (among the most frequent world-wide single gene defects). |
4楼2007-10-08 20:59:40
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