1. Introduction
1.1. Lithium Ion Batteries
1.2. High-Energy and High-Power Applications of LIBs
1.3. Future-Generation Cathodes
1.4. Ideal Anode for LIBs
1.5. Future-Generation Anodes
1.6. Scope of the Review and Nomenclature
2. Anodes Based on Li Intercalation–Deintercalation Reaction
2.1. Binary Oxides
2.1.1. TiO2
2.1.2. Vanadium (V) and Molybdenum (Mo) Oxides
2.1.3. Nb2O5
2.2. Ternary Oxides of Ti and Nb
2.2.1. Li4Ti5O12 (LTO)
2.2.2. MgTi2O5, LiTiNbO5, TiNb2O7, and Other Oxides
3. Anodes Based on Alloying–Dealloying Reaction
3.1. Binary Tin Oxides
3.1.1. SnO
3.1.2. SnO2
3.2. Ternary Tin Oxides
3.2.1. M2SnO4 (M = Metal)
3.2.2. ASnO3 (A = Ca, Sr, Ba, Co, and Mg)
3.2.3. Li2SnO3
3.2.4. A2Sn2O7 (A = Y or Nd)
3.2.5. K2(M,Sn)8O16 (M = Li, Mg, Fe, Mn, Co, or In)
3.2.6. SnP2O7, LiSn2P3O12, Sn2P2O7, and Sn3P2O8
3.2.7. Amorphous Tin Composite Oxides (ATCOs)
3.3. Antimony Oxides and Mixed Oxides
3.3.1. Sb2O3
3.3.2. MSb2O6, M = Co, Ni, and Cu
3.3.3. VSbO4, (M1/2Sb1/2Sn)O4 (M = V, Fe, or In), BiSbO4, SbPO4, and MSb2O4 (M = Ni or Co)
3.4. Other Group IV Oxides
3.4.1. SiO and SiO2
3.4.2. GeO2 and Germanates
3.5. Group II and III Oxides, ZnO, CdO, and In2O3
4. Anodes Based on Conversion (Redox) Reaction
4.1. Binary Oxides
4.1.1. Oxides with Rock Salt Structure (MO; M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, or Cu)
4.1.2. Oxides with Spinel Structure (M3O4, M = Co, Fe, or Mn)
4.1.3. Oxides, M2O3, with Corundum Structure (M=Fe, Cr or Mn)
4.1.4. Metal Dioxides, MO2 (M=Mn, Mo or Ru)
4.2. Ternary Oxides
4.2.1. Oxides with Spinel Structure (AB2O4, A = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, or Cu; B ═ Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, or Cu; A ≠ B)
4.3. Complex Oxides
4.3.1. Oxides of Vanadium Possessing Spinel and Other Structures
4.3.2. Oxides of Molybdenum with Scheelite and Other Structures
4.3.3. Oxides with CaFe2O4, Brownmillerite and Perovskite Structure
4.3.4. Metal Borates: MBO3 (M = Fe or Cr), Fe3BO6, and M3B2O6 (M = Co, Ni, or Cu)
4.3.5. Metal Oxysalts: Carbonates, Oxalates, Oxyhydroxides, and Oxyfluorides
5. Anodes based on Both Alloying–Dealloying and Conversion Reaction
5.1. Oxides with Spinel Structure: ZnM2O4 (M = Co, Fe) and CdFe2O4
5.2. Oxides of Tin Adopting the Spinel Structure
5.3. Metal Oxysalts: Carbonates and Oxalates
6. Li ion Batteries (Cells) with Oxide Anodes
6.1. LIBs with Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) as Anode
6.1.1. LIBs with 4 V cathodes
6.1.2. LIBs with 3.5 V cathode, LiFePO4
6.1.3. LIBs with 4 V Cathodes, LiVPO4F and Na3V2P2O8F3
6.1.4. LIBs with 5.0 V Cathode, Li(Ni0.5Mn1.5)O4
6.2. LIBs with TiO2-B as Anode with Cathodes, LiFePO4 and Li(Ni0.5Mn1.5)O4
6.3. LIBs with Amorphous Tin Composite Oxide, SnO2 and GeOx, with Cathodes LiCoO2, Li(Ni0.8Co0.2)O2, and Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2
6.4. LIBs with CoO and Co3O4 as Anodes with Cathodes, LiCoO2 and LiMn2O4
6.5. LIB with Fe2O3 as the Anode and LiFePO4 as the Cathode
6.6. Mitigating the ICL Associated with the Oxide Anodes
7. Conclusions
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[ Last edited by xiejf on 2013-4-3 at 20:18 ] |