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[资源] Biomedical Applications and Toxicology of Carbon Nanomaterials 2016最新书籍

书名Biomedical Applications and Toxicology
of Carbon Nanomaterials
作者Chunying Chen and
HaifangWang
页数572
出版社 wiley
List of Contributors XIX
Preface XXV
1 Synthesis, Functionalization, and Characterization 1
Jianxun Xu, Xing Lu, and Baowen Li
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Fullerenes and Metallofullerenes 1
1.2.1 Synthesis and Purification 2
1.2.1.1 Synthesis 2
1.2.1.2 Purification 2
1.2.2 Chemical Functionalization 3
1.2.2.1 Carbene Reaction 3
1.2.2.2 Bingel–Hirsch Reaction 4
1.2.2.3 Prato Reaction 5
1.2.2.4 Bis-Silylation 5
1.2.2.5 Diels–Alder Reaction and Benzyne Reaction 5
1.2.2.6 Singly Bonded Addition 6
1.2.2.7 Supramolecular Complexes of EMFs 6
1.2.3 Characterization 6
1.2.3.1 Synchrotron Radiation Powder Diffraction
(SRPD)/Rietveld/MEM 6
1.2.3.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy 7
1.2.3.3 Theoretical Calculation 7
1.2.3.4 Single-Crystal X-ray Diffraction Crystallography 7
1.2.3.5 Others 8
1.2.4 Questions and Future Directions 8
1.3 Carbon Nanotubes 8
1.3.1 Synthesis 9
1.3.1.1 Arc Discharge Method 9
1.3.1.2 Laser Ablation Method 10
1.3.1.3 CVD Method 10
1.3.1.4 Synthesis of CNTs with a Defined Structure 10
1.3.2 Functionalization 11
VIII Contents
1.3.2.1 Covalent Chemical Reactions 11
1.3.2.2 Noncovalent Modifications 11
1.3.3 Characterization 12
1.3.3.1 Microscopic Characterizations 12
1.3.3.2 Spectroscopic Characterizations 13
1.3.4 Questions and Future Directions 13
1.4 Graphene 14
1.4.1 Synthesis and Characterization 14
1.4.2 Functionalization of Graphene and Graphene Oxide 17
1.4.3 Prospects and Challenges 18
1.5 Summary and Outlook 20
References 21
2 Identification and Detection of Carbon Nanomaterials in Biological
Systems 29
HaifangWang, Zheng-Mei Song, Yi-Fan Yang, Aoneng Cao, and Yuanfang Liu
2.1 Introduction 29
2.2 Available Techniques for Qualitative and Quantitative
Determination 30
2.2.1 Optical Microscopic Observation 30
2.2.2 Electron Microscopic (EM) Observation 31
2.2.3 Raman Spectroscopic Measurement 33
2.2.4 Fluorescence Analysis 36
2.2.4.1 Intrinsic Fluorescence Analysis 36
2.2.4.2 Labeled Fluorescence Analysis 39
2.2.5 Isotope Labeling Method 39
2.2.5.1 Radioisotope Labeling 40
2.2.5.2 Stable Isotope Labeling 43
2.2.5.3 Tips for Isotopic Labeling 43
2.2.6 Chromatographic Technique 45
2.2.7 Flow Cytometry Method 45
2.2.8 Other Methods 46
2.3 Summary and Outlook 47
Acknowledgments 48
References 48
3 Biodistribution and Pharmacokinetics of Carbon Nanomaterials
In Vivo 55
Sheng-Tao Yang, Xiaoyang Liu, and Jingru Xie
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 Amorphous Carbon Nanoparticles 55
3.2.1 Ultrafine Carbon Particles 56
3.2.2 Carbon Nanoparticles 58
3.2.3 Carbon Dots 59
3.3 sp2 Carbon Nanomaterials 62
Contents IX
3.3.1 Fullerene 62
3.3.2 Carbon Nanotubes 69
3.3.3 Carbon Nanohorns 77
3.3.4 Graphene 80
3.3.5 Graphene Quantum Dots 85
3.4 Nanodiamonds 87
3.5 Summary and Outlook 89
Acknowledgments 90
References 90
4 Interaction of Carbon Nanomaterials and Components in Biological
Systems 97
Jian Tian and Cuicui Ge
4.1 Introduction 97
4.2 Factors Affecting Interaction 99
4.2.1 Characteristics of Carbon Nanomaterials 99
4.2.1.1 Size and Layer 99
4.2.1.2 Surface Modification and Functionalization 100
4.2.2 Biological Microenvironment 102
4.2.2.1 pH 103
4.2.2.2 Ionic Strength 104
4.2.2.3 Weak Interactions 104
4.2.2.4 Cell Selectivity 105
4.3 Interaction of Carbon Nanomaterials with Various Components in
Biological Systems 107
4.3.1 Characterization and Methodology of Interaction of Carbon
Nanomaterials with Components in the Biological System 107
4.3.2 Carbon Nanomaterial–Phospholipid Interaction 108
4.3.3 Carbon Nanomaterial–Protein Interaction 111
4.3.4 Carbon Nanomaterial–DNA Interaction 115
4.3.5 Carbon Nanomaterial–Cell Interaction 119
4.4 Conclusion and Perspectives 120
References 122
5 Biomedical Applications of Carbon Nanomaterials 131
Liangzhu Feng and Zhuang Liu
5.1 Introduction 131
5.2 Biomedical Applications of Fullerenes 132
5.2.1 Fullerenes as Antioxidants and Neuroprotective Agents 132
5.2.2 Fullerenes as Antitumor Agents 134
5.2.3 Metallofullerenes as MRI Contrast Agent 136
5.2.4 Fullerenes for Other Applications 136
5.3 Biomedical Applications of Carbon Nanotubes 137
5.3.1 Carbon Nanotubes for Drug Delivery 138
5.3.1.1 Carbon Nanotubes for the Delivery of Small Drug Molecules 139
X Contents
5.3.1.2 Carbon Nanotubes for the Delivery of Biomacromolecules 141
5.3.2 Carbon Nanotubes for Photothermal and Combined Therapies of
Tumors 142
5.3.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes for PhotothermalTherapy of Tumors 142
5.3.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes for CombinedTherapies of Tumors 143
5.3.3 Carbon Nanotubes for Bioimaging 144
5.3.3.1 Carbon Nanotubes for Fluorescence Imaging 144
5.3.3.2 Carbon Nanotubes for Raman Imaging 145
5.3.3.3 Carbon Nanotubes for Photoacoustic Imaging 145
5.3.3.4 Carbon Nanotubes for Other Bioimaging Modalities 145
5.3.4 Carbon Nanotubes for Other Biomedical Applications 146
5.4 Biomedical Applications of Graphene 146
5.4.1 Graphene for Drug Delivery 147
5.4.1.1 Graphene for the Delivery of Small Drug Molecules 148
5.4.1.2 Graphene for the Delivery of Biomacromolecules 148
5.4.2 Graphene for Photothermal and Combined Therapies of
Tumors 151
5.4.3 Graphene for Bioimaging 152
5.4.4 Graphene for Other Biomedical Applications 153
5.5 Conclusion and Perspectives 153
Acknowledgments 154
References 155
6 Pulmonary Effects of Carbon Nanomaterials 163
LiyingWang, Donna C. Davidson, Vincent Castranova, and Yon Rojanasakul
6.1 Introduction 163
6.2 Physicochemical Properties of Carbon Nanomaterials 164
6.2.1 Types of Carbon Nanomaterials 165
6.2.2 Effects of Size 165
6.2.3 Effects of Agglomeration State 166
6.2.4 Aspect Ratio Considerations 168
6.2.5 Surface Modifications 168
6.3 Fate of Pulmonary Exposed Carbon Nanoparticles (Deposition,
Distribution, Translocation, and Clearance) 169
6.3.1 Deposition and Distribution of Carbon Nanoparticles in the
Lung 169
6.3.2 Translocation of Carbon Nanoparticles 172
6.3.3 Clearance of Carbon Nanomaterials from the Lungs 175
6.4 Carbon Nanomaterial–Induced Lung Responses 176
6.4.1 Key/Specific Target Lung Cell Types of Pulmonary-Exposed Carbon
Nanoparticles 176
6.4.2 Lung Inflammation 178
6.4.3 Immune Response 179
6.4.4 Fibrosis 180
6.4.5 Genotoxicity 181
Contents XI
6.4.6 Cancer 182
6.4.7 Cardiovascular Effects Following Pulmonary Exposure of Carbon
Nanomaterials 184
6.5 Summary 184
Disclaimer 184
References 189
7 Cardiovascular and HemostaticBiomedical Applications and Toxicology of Carbon Nanomaterials 2016最新书籍
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